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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the chemical formula for Aerobic Cellular Respiration? |
C6H12O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
Aerobic means that oxygen is involved. |
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What are Redox Reactions? |
Oxidation & Reduction. LEO the Lion says GER = Lose Electrons - Oxidize Gain Electrons - Reduce. |
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What is NADH? |
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide |
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What is the last step in Cellular Respiration in the Mitochodria? |
The Electron Transport System, ETS or the "Bank" of Cellular Respiration. |
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What are the four steps of Cellular Respiration? |
Glycolysis Transition Reaction The Kreb's Cycle The Electron Transport System |
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What happens every time you take a Carbon off during Cellular Respiration? |
NAD gets reduced to NADH. |
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What is the Krebs Cycle also known as? |
The Citric Acid Cycle |
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What is the energy yield from Glycolysis? |
2 ATP & 2 NADH |
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In Glycolysis, what is the 3 carbon sugar called? |
Pyruvate |
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What is the ATP yield from a full cycle of Cellular Respiration? |
36-38 ATP are formed. |
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What is the ATP yield from a full cycle of Fermentation? |
4 ATP |
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What is the four carbon carrier in the Krebs Cycle called? |
Oxaloacetate |
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What is the Reducing Agent in a Redox Reaction? |
The electron donor. |
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What is the Oxidizing Agent in a Redox Reaction? |
The electron acceptor. |
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What are the main energy yielding foods? |
Carbohydrates and fats. |
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Where are the Electron Transport Chain proteins located? |
In the inner membrane of the Mitochondria. |
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What is the "downhill" route that most electrons travel during Cellular Respiration? |
Glucose --> NADH --> Electron Transport Chain --> Oxygen |
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Where does Glycolysis take place? |
In the Cytosol. |
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In Glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to Pyruvate, you get... |
2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced. |
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A molecule that is Phosphorylated... |
Has an increased chemical activity; it is primed to do cellular work. |
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Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with Glycolysis? |
An agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized. |
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In the presence of oxygen, the 3 carbon compound Pyruvate can be catabolized in the Krebs Cycle. First the Pyruvate 1) loses a carbon, as a molecule of CO2 2) is oxidized to form a 2 carbon compound called acetate and 3) is bonded to CoEnzyme A. These three steps result in the formation of... |
Acetyl CoA, NADH, H+ and CO2. |
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During Cellular Respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location? |
The mitochondrial matrix. |
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How many carbon atoms are fed into the Krebs Cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of Pyruvate? |
2 Carbon atoms |
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All of the following are functions of the Krebs Cycle except: A) Production of ATP B) Production of NADH C) Production of FADH2 D) Release of CO2 E) Adding electrons and protons to Oxygen, forming H2O |
E - Adding electrons and protons to Oxygen, forming water. |
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Starting with one molecule of citrate and ending with Oxaloacetate, how many ATP molecules can be formed from Oxidative Phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)? |
11 |
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CO2 is released during which stages of Cellular Respiration? |
Oxidation of Pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the Krebs Cycle. |
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For each molecule of Glucose that is metabolized by Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle, what is the total number of NADH & FADH2 molecules produced? |
12 |
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Cellular Respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which process? |
Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation. |
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During Cellular Respiration, which molecule directly donates electrons to the Electron Transport Chain at the lowest energy level? |
FADH2 |
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The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to... |
Act as an acceptor for electrons and H+, forming metabolic water. |
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Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway? |
Krebs Cycle --> NADH --> Electron Transport Chain --> Oxygen |
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During Oxidative Phosphorylation H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of water come from? |
Molecular Oxygen or O2 |
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What metabolic process is most closely associated with intracellular membranes? |
Oxidative Phosphorylation. |
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Energy released by the Electron Transport Chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? |
The Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space |
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During Cellular Respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria is generated by _______ and used primarily for ________. |
The Electron Transport Chain & ATP Synthesis |
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The direct energy source that drives ATP Synthesis during respiratory Oxidative Phosphorylation is... |
The difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
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A major function of the mitochondrial inner membrane is the conversion of energy from e- to the stored energy of the phosphate bond in ATP. To accomplish this function, the inner mitochondrial membrane must have all the following features except: A) Carrier proteins to accept e- from NADH B) Integral, transverse ATP Synthase C) Proton pumps embedded in the membrane D) The Electron Transport Chain of proteins E) High permeability to protons |
Carrier proteins to accept e- from NADH. |
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When H+ ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix, across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is... |
Creation of a proton gradient. |
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The primary function of the mitochondrion is the production of ATP. To carry out this function, the mitochondrion must have all of the following except: A) The membrane-bound electron transport chain carrier molecules B) Proton pumps embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane C) Enzymes for glycolysis D) Enzymes for the Krebs Cycle E) Mitochondrial ATP Synthase |
Enzymes for Glycolysis |
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How many molecules of CO2 would be released from the complete Cellular Respiration of a molecule of sucrose (C12H22O11), a disaccharide? |
12 |
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Each time a molecule of Glucose is completely oxidized via Cellular Respiration, how many O2 molecules are required? |
6 |
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What process produces the most ATP when glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O? |
Oxidative Phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) |
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Assume a mitochondrion contains 58 NADH and 19 FADH2. If each of the 77 dinucleotides were used, approximately how many ATP molecules could be generated as a result of Oxidative Phosphorylation? |
212 |
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Which of the processes of Cellular Respiration can occur whether there is O2 present or not? |
Glycolysis |
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Which metabolic pathway is common to both Cellular Respiration and Fermentation? |
Glycolysis |
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The ATP that is made during Fermentation is generated by which process? |
Substrate level Phosphorylation |
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Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert Pyruvate to _______ and in this step gain _________. |
Lactate & NAD+ |
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In the absence of Oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of... |
ATP, CO2 & ethanol |
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In alcohol Fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH during... |
The reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol |
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The function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to... |
Reduce NAD+ to NADH |
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Glycolysis is thought to be one of the most ancient metabolic processes. Why? |
Glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway. |
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Why is Glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved? |
It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen and is present in most organisms. |
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What molecules can potentially be converted to intermediates of Glycolysis and/or the Krebs Cycle? |
Amino Acids & Proteins; Glycerol & Fatty Acids; Glucose & Sucrose; Starch & Glycogen. |
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You have a friend who lost 15 pounds of fat on a "low carb" diet. How did the fat leave her body? |
It was released as CO2 & H2O. |
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How many ATP molecules are produced by Glycolysis? |
4 |
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Where is Pyruvate formed?
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In the Cytoplasm
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Most of the energy that enters the Electron Transport System enters as... |
FADH2 & NADH |
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In Fermentation, _________ is ___________ A) NADH; Reduced B) NAD+; Oxidized C) NADH; Oxidized D) Pyruvate; Oxidized E) Ethanol; Oxidized |
C) NADH; Oxidized |
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What is the reducing agent in the following reaction. Pyruvate + NADH + H --> Lactate + NAD+ |
NADH |
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The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during Oxidative Phosphorylation is... |
The H+ concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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The final e- acceptor of the Electron Transport Chain that functions in Oxidative Phosphorylation is... |
Oxygen |
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When electrons flow across the ETS of mitochondria, what change occurs? |
The pH of the Mitochondrial Matrix increases. |
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In the presence of a metabolic poison that specifically and completely inhibits all function of mitochondrial ATP synthase, what could you expect to happen? |
An increase in the pH difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
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Cells do NOT catabolize CO2 because... |
CO2 is already completely Oxidized. |
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Most CO2 from catabolism is released during... |
The Krebs Cycle |
