Bio 172 Ch 47 Chemical Signals In Animals

Front 1

Endocrine System

Back 1

all of the glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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Hormone

Back 2

a signaling molecule that circulates throughout the body in blood or other body fluids; can trigger pronounced responses in distant target cells at very low concentrations

Front 3

Autocrine signals

Back 3

a chemical signal that affects the same cell that released it

Front 4

Cytokine

Back 4

any substance that stimulates cell division. many are secreted by macrophages and helper T cells during an immune response, stimulating leukocyte production, tissue repair, and fever

Front 5

Paracrine signals

Back 5

a chemical signal released by one cell that affects other neighboring cells

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Endocrine signals

Back 6

hormones

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Neural signals

Back 7

a chemical signal released by a neuron that crosses a synapse to affect a neighboring neuron

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Neuroendocrine signals

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a chemical signal released from neurons that act on distant cells instead of the adjacent synapse. ex: ADH

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Pheromones

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a chemical signal, released by one individual into the environment, that can trigger responses in another individual

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Secretin

Back 10

a peptide hormone produce by the small intestine in response to the arrival of food from the stomach. stimulates secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas

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Cortisol

Back 11

the major glucocorticoid hormone released by the cortex of the adrenal gland in some mammals. increases blood glucose and prepares the body for stress (also called symporter)

Front 12

Corticosterone

Back 12

the major glucocorticoid hormone released by the cortex of the adrenal gland in most reptiles, birds, and many mammals. increases blood glucose and prepares body for stress

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Glucocorticoids

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a class of steroid hormones released from the adrenal cortex that increase blood glucose and prepare the body for stress

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Epinephrine

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a catecholamine hormone from the adrenal medulla. triggers rapid responses relating to the flight or fight response. also called adrenaline

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Adrenaline

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a catecholamine hormone from the adrenal medulla. triggers rapid responses relating to the flight or fight response. also called epinephrine

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Growth Hormone

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a peptide hormone produced by pituitary gland. involved in lengthening long bones during childhood and in muscle growth, tissue repair, and lactation

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Exocrine glands

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deliver secretions through ducts into a space other than the circulatory system

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Islets of Langerhans

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clusters of cells in the pancreas that secrete glucagon and insulin into the blood

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Thyroxine

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an iodine-containing peptide hormone from the thyroid gland that increases metabolic rate, both directly and via conversion to the more active hormone triiodothyronine.

Front 20

Calcitonin

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a hormone from the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium by preventing calcium and phosphorous withdrawal from bone

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Atrial Natriuretic hormone

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a hormone from the heart that stimulates the kidney to secrete sodium to lower blood pressure

Front 22

Leptin

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a hormone produced by fat cells (adipocytes) that signals how much body fat is stored. inhibits appetite

Front 23

Choleocystokinin

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a peptide hormone form the small intestine that stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile fro the liver and gallbladder

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Fight-or-flight response

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rapid psychological changes that prepare the body for emergencies. includes increased hear rate, blood pressure and decreased digestion. triggered by catecholamines

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norepinephrine

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a catecholamine used as a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system and also released as a hormone form the adrenal medulla. stimulates increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, decreased digestion, and produces other effects

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Adipocytes

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fat cells

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Gonads

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an organ that produces reproductive cells (testis or ovary)

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Primary Sex Determination

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the process by which an embryonic gonad becomes either a testis or an ovary

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Testosterone

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a steroid hormone form the testes that stimulates sperm production and various male traits and reproductive behaviors

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Mullerian inhibitory substance

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a peptide hormone secreted by the embryonic testis that causes regression of the female reproductive ducts

Front 31

Estradiol

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the major estrogen produced by the ovaries of female mammals. stimulates development of the female reproductive tract, growth of ovarian follicles, and growth of breast tissue

Front 32

Estrogens

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a class of steroid hormones that generally promote female-like traits. secreted by the gonads, fat tissue, and some other organs

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Ecdysone

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insect hormone, triggers molting or metamorphosis, depending on the level of juvenile hormone

Front 34

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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a peptide hormone, released by the kidney in response to low blood oxygen levels, that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBC's

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Puberty

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the process by which an immature animal gains reproductive maturity

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ADH

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a peptide hormone fro the posterior pituitary gland that stimulates water retention by the kidney

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Juvenile hormone

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an insect hormone that prevents larvae from metamorphosing into adutlts

Front 38

Parafollicular cells

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the cells of the thyroid gland that release calcitonin

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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a peptide hormone from the parathyroid gland that increases blood calcium

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Triglyceride

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an effective energy-storing molecule

Front 41

Parabiosis

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an experimental technique for determining whether a certain physiological phenomenon is regulated by a hormone, by surgically uniting two individuals so that hormones can pass between them

Front 42

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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a peptide hormone form the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates release of cortisol, cortcosterone, and aldosterone from the adrenal complex

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Corticontropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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a peptide hormone from the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH

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Crushing's disease

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a human endocrine disorder caused by loss of feedback inhibition of cortison on ACTH secretion. characterized by high ACTH and cortisol levels and wasting of body protein reserves

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Neurosecretory cells

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a neuron that secretes hormones into the blood; a neuroendocrine cell

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Oxytocin

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helps induce labor and milk production in females

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second messenger

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a nonprotein signaling molecule that increases in concentration inside a cell in response to a recieved signal

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Follicle-stimulating hormone

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a peptide hormone from the anterior pituitary that stimulates growth of eggs and follicles in the ovaries or sperm production in the testes

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Luteninizing hormone

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a peptide hormone from the anterior pituitary that stimulates estrogen production, ovulation, and formation of the corpus luteum in females and testosterone production in males

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Prolactin

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stimulates mammary gland growth and milk production

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Thyriod-stimulating hormone

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triggers production of thyroid hormones

Front 52

Signal transduction cascade

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Cascading effect of one enzyme phosphorylating other enzymes, which go on to phosphorylate others, etc. commonly used in signal transduction of hormones

Front 53

Somatostatin (growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone)

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inhibits growth hormone production

Front 54

Dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting hormone)

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limits prolactin production

Front 55

Catecholamines

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a class of small compounds, derived from the amino acid tyrosine, that are used as hormones or neurotransmitters. includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

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Hormone-response elements

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sites on DNA to which a steroid hormone receptor complex can bind and affect gene transcription

Front 57

Signal transduction

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process by which a stimulus outside a cell is translated into a response by a cell

Front 58

Agonists

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a compound that can bind to and activate a receptor such as a hormone receptor or neurotransmitter receptor

Front 59

Phosphorylase

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an enzyme that breaks down glycogen, by catalyzing hydrolysis of the alpha glycosidic linkages between the glucose monomers

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Cyclic Adenosine monophosphate cAMP

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a small molecule derived from ATP, that is widely used in cells for signaling and regulation