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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what did Mendel do after failing the entrance exam twice |
he became a monk |
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preformation |
parents already have the genes of their posterity and pass it down the first beings had all the germ cells for everyone created |
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where did mendel live and what did he do |
He lived in southern moravia and discovered principles of heredity |
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character |
an observable feature that may vary among individuals ex: eyes |
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trait |
one of two or more variable expressions of a character ex: blue or green eyes |
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phenotype |
the observable traits of an individuals alleles |
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genotype |
the entire genetic makeup of an individual (including both alleles of each gene not expressed) |
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homozygous |
having two identical alleles for a given gene |
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heterozygous |
having two different alleles for a given gene |
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monohybrid cross |
a cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for a certain character |
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dihybrid cross |
a cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both characters being considered (AaBb + AaBb) phenotypic ratios would be 3:1 and 9:3:3:1 |
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punnett square |
a diagram of expected genotypes given the known genotypes of the parents |
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test cross |
an experiment to find out what the parent's genotype is. The only way this is possible is by crossing it with a homozygous recessive because otherwise the dominant allele would mask any other phenotype. |
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explain results of a test cross in a simple 2x2 punnet square |
if the parent was homozygous dominant, all of the offspring would show the same dominant phenotype. if the parent was heterozygous, two of the offspring would show the recessive phenotype |
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complete dominance |
where homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals are the same |
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incomplete dominance |
where the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between homozygoes for either allele (red flowers and white flowers having pink flowers) ex: a blending unlike codominance where both are distiguishable |
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codominance |
where phenotypes of both kinds of alleles have an effect (are expressed) on heterozygous individuals ex: blood type AB where both A and B are expressed |
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Eugenics |
an attempt to genetically manipulate new things to make the perfect breeds like in dogs. 90% of pure breds are actually inbreds. Lots of health problems. |
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Rh factor (blood type) |
over 30 kinds of antigens on blood; ABO are the most popular; B is the most common Rh is a different set of antigens (not ABO) |
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what happens if you are a mother that is Rh- and your baby is Rh+ |
the mom's immune factor attacks the baby |
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Pleitropy |
when a single gene has multiple effects |
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Epistasis |
where the phenotypic expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene |
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example of pleitropy |
sickle cell anemia -- one gene affected with lots of side effects |
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phenotypic plasticity |
taking visible characteristic and moving it in one direction easily; allows us to play with genetics of a population |
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polygenic inheritance |
many different genes affecting the phenotypic expression AaBbCc x AaBbCc ex: there are 180 different genes that affect height |
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multifactoral |
many things make up the phenotypic expression like nongenetic factors (environment) |
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cystic fibrosis |
increase of mucous build up in lungs providing an area for bacteria to grow |
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how sickle cell anemia pertains to homozygous and heterozygous |
homozygous get all sickle cells while heterozygous get some sickle and some normal |
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quantitative figures |
many different possibilities in a phenotype ex: skin color can be several different shades of brown |
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punnett square dihybrid cross ratio |
9-3-3-1 |
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7 steps to prevent cancer |
1. don't use tobacco 2. protect skin from the sun 3. eat healthy 4. be physically active, maintain healthy weight 5. practice safe sex 6. get immunizations 7. know your family history, regular screenings (SAFE SITS) |
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Two ways to test your fetus's genes |
amniocentesis (through the stomach) and CVS (less common cause more intrusive) |
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explain Mendels experiment |
He used pea plants purple flowers and white flowers and before they pollinated, dusted the pollen of the white flower onto the purple and made a pea (zygote) He planted the peas and got his F1 generation which were purple -- threw out blending theory and proved the law segregation |
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true breeding |
production of the same trait over many generations |
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law of segregation |
mendels first law two alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes |
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law of independent assortment |
mendels second law two alleles of a pair separate differently from other pairs during gamete formation |
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linked genes |
when genes are close enough together on the chromosome that they get passed down together |
