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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ability to do work
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energy |
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stored energy available to do work
example: energy found in chemical bonds |
potential energy
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energy being used to do work; any moving object possesses this form of energy
Examples: motion, light, heat, electricity |
Kinetic Energy
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amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 Celsius to 15.5 Celsius
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Calorie
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equal 1000 calories
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Kilocalorie
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law of energy conservation. "Energy can be converted to other forms."
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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all energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction loses from energy to surroundings as heat
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a cell
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Metabolism
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releases energy - requires an input of energy to proceed
Example: photosynthesis |
Endergonic reaction
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transfer energized electrons from one molecule to another
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Oxidation-reduction ("redox") Reactions
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means the loss of electrons from a molecule, atom, or ion
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Oxidation
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each protein accepts an electron from the molecule before it and passes it to the next, like a bucket brigate
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Electron Transport Chain
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molecule more commonly known as ATP, temporarily store much of the released energy
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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removing the endmost phosphate group of ATP yields ADP and a free phosphate group. The cell uses the released energy to do work
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ATP Hydrolysis
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one reaction provides energy to drive another reaction
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Coupled Reactions
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transferring its phosphate group to another molecule
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phosphorylating
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a nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
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ATP Chemical Structure
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the amount o energy required to start a reaction
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activation energy
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the region to which the substrates bind
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active site
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nonprotein "helpers", substances that must be present for an enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction
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cofactors
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product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme that controls its formation
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negative feedback
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product molecules bind to the enzyme at a location other than the active site - alters the enzyme's shape so that it can no longer bind substrate |
noncompetitive inhibition
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the product of a reaction binds to the enzyme's active site, preventing it from binding substrate
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competitive inhibition
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a product activates the pathway leading to its own production
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positive feedback
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biological membrane is a phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins. means that a membrane is "choosy" or |
selectively permeable
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a solute is more concentrated in one region than in a neighboring region
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concentration gradient
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a substance moves across a membrane without the direct expenditure of energy
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passive transport
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the spontaneous movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated.
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diffusion
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movement of solutes from high to low concentration with out a transport protein
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simple diffusion
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Diffusion of water down its concentration gradient
movement of water from areas of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to areas of low water concentration (high solute concentration) |
osmosis
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Cell uses energy and a transport protein to move a substance against its concentration gradient Must use a protein |
active transport
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same concentration, condition in which a solute concentration is the same on both sides of semipermeable membrane
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isotonic
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lower concentration, describes a solution in which the solute concentration is less than on the other side of a semipermeable memebrane
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hypotonic
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higher concentration, describes a solution in which the solute concentration is greater than on the other side of a semipermeable membrane
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hypertonic
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acquires cell to engulf fluids Entering |
endocytosis
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uses vesicles to transport substances out of cells Leaving |
exocytosis
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concentration of a solute in a solution (H2O) only apply to solutes - never water |
tonicity
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movement of solutes from high to low concentration with a transport protein
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facilitated diffusion
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Capture the energy of sunlight and convert to energyOrganic molecule that selectively absorbs light of specific wavelengthsDifferent pigments "specialize" in different wavelengths.
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pigments
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primary photosynthetic pigment in plants. absorbs blue and red light
most abundant pigment in plants; reflects green wavelengths of light |
chlorophyll a
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peaks in blue and red range, low in green range
accessory pigment that reflects green wavelengths of light. |
chlorophyll b
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accessory pigment that reflect red, organge, and yellow wavelengths of light. absorbing blue and greens, not in orange, yellows, and reds |
carotenoids (accessory pigments)
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converting sunlight into stored energy Ingredients: - Sunlight - Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - Water Essential to sustaining life on earth |
Photosynthesis
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Harvest energy directly from environment and obtain carbon from inorganic molecules
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autotrophs
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get energy and carbon by breaking down organic molecules assembled by other molecules
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heterotrophs
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packets of light energy.
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photons
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plant produces waxy layer on the outer layer of the leaf
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cuticle
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singular pore within the leaf dermal tissue
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Stoma (singular) Stomata (plural) |
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What does chloroplasts contain?
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outer membrane inner membrane stroma ribosomes granum - thylakoid |
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Large protein structure in the thylakoid membraneMade up of many systems. Funneling energy to reaction center. Energy dish- capture solar energy to the center of the reaction centerContains accessory pigments- Antenna pigments |
photosystem
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Initially capture the light energy. -First stage of photosynthesis - Light energy is transferred to ATP and NADPH - Water molecules are split, releasing O2 |
Light-dependent reactions
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- Second stage of photosynthesis - energy in ATP and NADPH drives synthesis of glucose and other carbohydrates from CO2 and water. |
Light-independent reactions
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An organelle that specializes in photosynthesis in plants and many protists
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chloroplast
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- Folded membrane that makes up thylakoidsContains clusters of light -harvesting pigments that absorb photons of different energies and convert light energy into chemical energy (first stage of photosynthesis) |
Thylakoid membrane
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- A semifluid matrix surrounded by two outer membranes of the chloroplast -Sugars are built in the stroma (second stage of photosynthesis) |
Stroma
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a sequence of chemical reactions within a cell, in which the products of one reaction are the reactants of the next
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Metabolic Pathways
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What are these the five principles of? 1. Chemical transformations occur in a series of reactions that form a _ 2. each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme a. no chemistry takes place in a cell unless it involves an enzyme. 3. Most _____ are similar in all organisms 4. In eukaryotes, many _____ occur inside specific organelles. 5. Each ____ is controlled by enzymes that can inhibit or active the process |
Metabolic pathways |
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measure of the randomness, or disorder, of the universe |
Entropy |
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monomer to a polymer (constructive) |
dehydration synthesis |
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Polymer to a monomer (destructive) |
Hydrolysis |
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take energy out of the product Example: respiration |
Exergonic reaction |
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phosphate group being added to ATP |
phosphorylation |
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minimalamount of energy required to start the reaction |
Activation Energy |
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enzymes partner with other partners called ___. Helper molecules that assist in biochemical transformations |
cofactors |
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product of the reaction that the enzyme catalyzes |
inhibitor |
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substrates rests in active side |
normal binding |
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binds to a different side of the enzyme for substrate to bounce off |
noncompetitive inhibition |
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inhibitor will block enzyme activity |
competitive inhibition |
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product of the reaction slows the production or turns off the product |
negative reaction |
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product of reaction stimulates its own production Example: blood clotting (starts slow, but speeds up its own blood clotting mechanism) |
positive reaction |
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describes a different between neighboring - higher concentration in one area than the other |
gradient |
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net movement is 0 |
concentration gradient |
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requires no energy. occurs when concentration gradients dissipate across a biological membrane. example: water, carbon dioxide |
passive transport |
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particles moving from high concentration to low example: tea |
simple diffusion |
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diffusion of water down its concentration gradient |
osmosis |
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movement of solutes from lw to high concentration with a transport protein |
active transport |
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acquires cell to engulf fluids |
endocytosis |
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uses vesicles to transport substances out of cells |
excocytosis |
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concentration of solute in a solution (H2O) only apply to solutes - never water |
tonicity |
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same concentration, condition in which a solute concentration is the same on both sides of semipermeable membrane |
isotonic |
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lower concentration, describes a solution in which the solute concentration is less than on the other side of a semipermeable membrane |
hypotonic |
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high concentration, describes a solution in which the solute concentration is greater than on the other side of a semipermeable membrane |
hypertonic |
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passive transport that require membrane proteins |
facilitated diffusion |
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capture the energy of sunlight and convert to energy. organic molecule that selectively absorbs light of specific wavelengths different pigments "specialize" in different wavelengths. |
pigments |
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primary photosynthetic pigment in plants. absorbs blue and red light |
chlorophyll a |
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peaks in blue and red range, low in green range |
chlorophyll b |
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absorb slightly different wavelengths than chlorophyll a absorbing blue and greens, not in orange, yellows, and reds |
carotenoids (acessory pigments) |
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Converting sunlight into stored energy Ingredients: Sunlight Carbon Dioxide Water |
Photosynthesis |
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Harvest energy directly from the environment and obtain carbon from inorganic molecules |
autotrophs |
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get energy and carbon by breaking down organic molecules assembled by other molecules |
heterotrophs |
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400-750 mm two ways to look at wave view or particle view |
Visible light spectrum |
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packets of light energy. plants capture ___ of visible light |
photons |
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plant produces waxy layer on the outer layer of the leaf |
cuticle |
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singular pore within the leaf dermal tissue |
stome stomata (plural) |
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large protein structure in the thylakoid membrane made up of many systems. funneling energy to reaction center. energy dish - capture solar energy to the center of the reaction center - antenna pigments |
photosystem |
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what is the process whereby an ion, an atom, or a molecule crosses a membrane without using energy? |
passive transport |
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using glucose and oxygen to produce ATP |
Aerobic respiration It is called aerobic respiration because oxygen is involved |
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glucose (6 carbon) molecule is split into two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvate a. takes place in cytoplasm b. produces net gain of 2 ATP |
Glycolysis |
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What are the 5 steps of aerobic respiration |
1. glycoysis 2. transition step 3. krebs cycle 4. Electron transport chain |
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what are the preference of use by cells? |
1. Crabohydrate 2. Lipids 3. Protein |
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Oxygen plays no role in this process |
anaerobic respiration |
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if a solution has a higher solute concentration than a cell, then the solution is ___ compared to the cel |
hypertonic |
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if a solution has a lower concentration than a cell, then the solution is _____ compared to the cell |
hypotonic |
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in ____, a cell engulfs material and brings it into the cell in a vesicle pinches off the cell membrane |
endocytosis |
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the place on an enzyme where the substrate binds is called the ___ site. |
active site |
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in ____ feedback of a metabolic pathway, the product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme that controls its formation |
negative feedback |
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Light consists of ____, which are discrete packets of kinetic energy. |
photons |
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ATP production using energy from a proton gradient across a membrane is called ___ phosphorylation |
chemiosmotic |
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Photosynthesis is an endergonic reaction because the products contain more ___ than the reactants |
energy |
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removes the variable to give a negative result |
negative control |
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an experiment where the experimenter knows will give a positive a result |
positive control |
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Why are positive and negative controls important? |
If the experiment didn't give a positive or negative result, something has gone wrong with the experiment. |
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The range of possible frequencies of radiation is called the ______ spectrum |
Electromagnetic |
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the ___ pigments of photosystems pass the captured photon energy to the reaction center |
antenna pigments |
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How do enzymes speed up biochemical reactions? |
lower the activation energy |
