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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Atom |
The smallest chemical unit of a type of pure substance (element) |
Example: carbon atom |
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Molecule |
A group of joined atoms |
Example: DNA |
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Organelle |
A membrane bounded structure that has a specific function within a cell |
Example: chloroplast |
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Cell |
The fundamental unit of life. Multicellular organisms consist of many cells; unicellular organisms consist of one cell |
Example: leaf cell |
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Tissue
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A collection of specialized cells that function in a coordinated fashion (multicellular life only)
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Example: Epidermis of leaf
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Organ
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A structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions (multicellular life only)
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Example: Leaf |
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Organ System
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Organs connected physically or chemically that function together (multicellular life only)
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Example: aboveground part of a plant
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Organism
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A single living individual
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Example: One acacia tree
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Population
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A group of the same species of organism living in the same place and time
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Example: Multiple acacia trees
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Community
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All populations that occupy the same region
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Example: all populations in a savanna
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Ecosystem
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The living and nonliving components of an area
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Example: the savanna
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Biosphere
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The global ecosystem; the parts of the planet and its atmosphere where life is possible
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Emergent Properties |
When components in an organism interact they create _______. |
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Producers
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(also called autotrophs) - make their own food by extracting energy and nutrients from nonliving sources
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Example: plants
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Consumers
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(also called heterotrophs) obtain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms, living or dead
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Example: humans
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Decomposers
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(also called heterotrophs) - obtain energy and nutrients from waste or dead organisms
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Homeostatis
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which a cell or organism maintains this state of internal constancy, or equilibrium
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asexual reproduction
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genetic information comes from only one parent; all offspring are virtually identical
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Example: bacteria, strawberries, fungi, sponges
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sexual reproduction
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genetic material from two parent individuals unites to form an offspring; which has a new combination of inherited traits
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Adaptation
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an inherited characteristic or behavior that enables an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in its environment
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Natural selection
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is a process in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics contribute more offspring to the next generation than do individuals lacking those characteristics
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Taxonomy
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biological science of naming and classifying organisms
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Species
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designates a distinctive "type" of organism
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Genus
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Second word in taxonomy
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Domains
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the broadest (most inclusive) three taxonomics category
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Three Domains
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Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya |
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Domain Bacteria
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Cells lack nucleui (prokaryotic) Most are unicellular |
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Domain Archaea
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Cells lack (prokaryotic) Most are unicellular |
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Domain Eukarya
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Cells contain nuclei (eukarotic) Unicellular or multicellular |
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Kingdoms
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Protista (multiple Kingdoms) Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae |
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Scientific method
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general way of using evidence to answer questions and test ideas
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Four steps of scientific method
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1. Observations and questions 2. Hypothesis and Prediction 2. Data collection 4. Analysis and peer review |
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Hypothesis
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tentative explanation for one or more observations
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Predictions
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written as an if-then statement
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Experiment
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tests a hypothesis under controlled conditions
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Peer review
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scientists independently evaluate the validity of the methods, data, and conclusions
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variable
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changeable element of an experiment
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independent variable
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the variable being manipulated or changed
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dependent variable
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the observed result of the independent variable being manipulated
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standardized variable
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a variable which is maintained as a constant in all aspects
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placebo
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an inert substance that resembles the treatment given to the experimental group
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statistical significance
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the probability that results arose purely by chance
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theory
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an explanation for a natural phenomenon
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technology
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practical application of scientific knowledge
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matter
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any material that takes up space
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element
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a pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances
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bulk elements
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required in the largest amounts because they make up the vast majority of every living cell Four more abundant bulk elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogenadditional: phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) |
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Trace elements
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required in small amounts Iron (FE) and zinc (Zn) |
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What is an atom composed of? (3 types of subatomic particles)
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Protons, Neutrons, Nucleus |
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Protons
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carry a positive charge
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Neutrons
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uncharged
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Nucleus
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formed by protons and neutrons together protecting, controlling access to DNA |
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atomic number
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the number of protons in the nucleus
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ion
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is an atom (or group of atoms) that has gained or lost electrons and therefore has a net negative or positive charge
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atomic weight
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average mass of all isotopes
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radioactive
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means they emit energy as rays or particles when they break down into more stable forms
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Isotope
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any different forms of the same element, distinguished from one another by the number of neutrons in the nucleus
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Compound
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a molecule composed of two or more different elements
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orbitals
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chemist use to describe the most likely location for an electron relative to its nucleus |
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valance shell
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outermost occupied energy shell
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electronegativity
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measure the atom's ability to attract electrons on a scale of 0 to 4
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chemical bond
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an attractive force that holds atoms together
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ionic bond
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bond between oppositely charged ions
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covalent bond
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bond between atoms sharing pairs of electrons |
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polar covalent bond
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a lopsided union in which one nucleus exerts a much stronger pull on the shared electrons than does the other nucleus Electronegativity difference between atoms is moderate or large (0.4-1.7) |
Example: O---H bond within water molecule
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nonpolar covalent bond
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a "bipartisan" union in which both atoms exert approximately equal pull on their shared electrons. Electronegativity difference between atoms is small (<0.4) |
Example: H---H bond in H2 molecule
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hydrogen bond
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bond between atom with a partial negative charge and a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge
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adhesion
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the tendency to form hydrogen bonds with other substances
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Example: when water soaks into a paper towel, it is adhering to the molecules that make up the paper
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solutes
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dissolve
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solvent
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a chemical in which other substances dissvole
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solution
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consists of one or more solutes dissolved in a liquid solvent
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hydrophilic
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substances are either polar or charge, so they readily dissolve in water (term means "water-loving")
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Examples: sugar, salt, and ions
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Evaporation
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conversion of a liquid into a vapor
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reactants
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starting paterials
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products
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results of the reaction
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alkaline
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basic solution; solution has a pH greater than 7
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buffers
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pairs of weak acids and bases that resist pH changes
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More acidic pH level
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The higher the H+ concentration, (pH<7) |
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More basic pH level
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The lower the H+ concentration, (pH>7)
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Neutral pH level |
pH of 7 |
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dehydration synthesis reaction
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joins monomers into polymers.
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Example: protein called an enzyme removes an ----OH (hydroxyl group) from one molecule and hydrogen atom from another forming H2O and a new covalent bond between the two smaller components
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hydrolysis |
breaks polymers into monomers
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Example: enzymes use atoms from water to add a hydroxyl group to one molecule and a hydrogen atom to another (means "breaking with water") |
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carbohydrates
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monomer for monosaccharide
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monosaccharides
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Smallest of carbohydrates, contain five or six carbon atoms
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disaccharide
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("two sugars") two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
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oligosaccharides
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Complex carbohydrates. consists of three to 100 monomers. |
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polysaccharides
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("many sugars") are huge molecules consisting of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide monomers
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protein
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monomer for amino acid
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amino acids |
has a central carbon atom bonded to four other atoms or groups of atoms |
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R group
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the fourth is a side chain
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peptide bond
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forms by dehydration synthesis, is the covalent bond that links each amino acid to its neighbor
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polypeptides
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chains with 100 or more amino acids
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Primary Structure
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amino acid sequence of polypeptide (not touched slinky)
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Secondary Structure
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localized areas of coils, sheets, and loops within polypeptide (stretched slinky)
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Tertiary Structure
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overall shape of one polypeptide (mixed of slinky)
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Quaternary Structure
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take two or more tertiary structures (multiple slinkys mixed together) |
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nucleic acid
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monomer for nucleotide
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Two types of nucleic acids
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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Nucleotide
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monomer consists of three components
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nitrogenous base
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adenine (A) guanine (G) thymine (T) cytosine (C) uracil (U) |
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The nitrogenous bases DNA contain
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adenine (A) cytosine (C) guanine (G) thymine (T) |
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The nitrogenous bases RNA contain
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adenine (A) cytosine (C) guanine (G) uracil (U) |
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triglyceride
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consists of three long hydrocarbon chains
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trace
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Iron and zinc are examples of ____ elements because they are required in small amounts by living things
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radioactive isotope
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Another name for an unstable isotope is a(n)
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monosaccharides
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The smallest carbohydrates are called ____ and consist of a single monomer.
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Protein
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Once a polypeptide or multiple polypeptides are folded into a functional shape, it is referred to as a(n)
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1. Organization 2. Energy Use 3. Maintenance internal constancy (homeostasis) 4.Growth, maintenance, and reproduction (GMR) 5. Evolution |
What are the 5 living characteristics?
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1. Domains (bacteria, archaea, eukaraya 2. Kingdoms (6) 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7.Genus 8. Species |
What is the 8 tier system?
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3 components the cytoskeletal system is made up of |
1. microfilaments 2. intermediate filaments 3. microtubules |
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functions of the cytoskeleton |
1. structural support 2. aids in cell division 3. organelle transport 4. cell movement |
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Four main organic molecules |
1. carbohydrates 2. proteins 3. nucleic acids 4. lipids |
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1. polar 2. hydrogen bond 3. cohesion 4. adhesion 5. ability to stick 6. hydrophilic (dissolve) 7. water expands 8. controls temperature |
What are the 8 properties of water? |
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Full electrons on the most outer shell (8 electrons)
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What does it mean to be stable?
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same amount of electrons and protons
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What does it mean to be neutral?
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Components of all cells
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1. Ribosome 2. Plasma membrane 3. DNA containing region 4. Cytoplasm |
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surface-to-volume ratio
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inside creases much more rapidly than surface area restricts cell size by limiting transport of nutrients and waste |
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Prokaryotes
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1. do not have a nucleus 2. all unicellular |
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Eukaryotes
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1. have a nucleus 2. can be unicellular or multicellular 3. more complex 5. internal membrane system |
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Biofilm
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single-celled organisms sharing a secreted layer of polysaccharides and glycoproteins
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Phospholipids
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1. Hydrophilic head Polar bonds, which attract water "water loving" 2. Hydrophobic tails Nonpolar bonds. repel water |
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fluid mosaic model
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structure of a membrane
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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routing, modifying new polypeptide chains; synthesizing lipids
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Golgi body
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Modifying now polypeptide chains; sorting, shipping proteins and lipids
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vesicles
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transporting, storing, or digesting substances in a cell
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mitochondrion
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masking ATP by glucose breakdown energy extraction from food |
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Chloroplast
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Photosynthesis in plants, some protists
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Lysosome
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Intracellular digestion
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Peroxisome
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Inactivating toxins
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Vacuole
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Storage
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Ribosomes
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assembling polypeptide chains
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Centriole
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Anchor for cytoskeleton
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Cytoskeleton
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Contributes to cell shape, internal organization, movement
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Central vacoule
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found in plants - much of the interior is made of the central vacuole
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flagella
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- Longer - usually found in singular or in pairs - either snake-like movements propels cell through environment - rotary arrangement to push the cell through water |
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cilia
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- more short hair like in large concentrations on cells surface - work in unicin - move a cell in an environment - move water around surfaces |
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tight junctions
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fuse the membranes of adjacent animal cells together, preventing substances from flowing between cells
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anchoring junctions
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use intermediate filaments to hold cells together
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plasmodesmata
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cells communicate through - nutrients and biochemical travel through these channels to adjacent cells |
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gap junctions
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found in animal cells, protein channel links the cytoplasm of neighboring cells
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Early Cell Theory
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- All organisms are made of one or more cells - The cell is the fundamental unit of life - All cells come from preexisting cells. |
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Modern Cell Theory
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- All cells have the same basic chemical composition - All cells use energy - All cells contain DNA that is duplicated and on as each cell divides |
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