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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
when two copies of each gene in a diploid organism separate from each other during meiosis in germ cells resulting in each gamete containing only one copy of each gene
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segregation
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Parent generation of a cross is designated by a
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P
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Offspring of a monohybrid cross are called the
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first filial generation (F1)
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tool used by genetic counselors to predict the outcome of mating
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Punnett square
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number between 0 and 1 that expresses the likelihood of a particular event
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probablility
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simple way to determine a genotype of a nonhuman organism working backward from the phonotypes of offspring to help identify the genotype of a parent
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testcross
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monk who hypothesized in the 1850's that factors from each parent were the units of heredity
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Gregor Mendel
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rule stating that alleles for different traits are sorted into gametes independently of one another
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independent assortment
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cross in which two traits are studied
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dihybrid cross
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when there are two contrasting alleles of each gene, one dominant and on recessive (parents have different combinations of alleles)
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simple dominance
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inheritance principle of independent assortment
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either copy of a gene may end up in a particular gamete
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A gene is ____ when its instructions are carried out and the cell makes the protein
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Expressed
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expression of the gene at just a sinl=gle location on a chromosome may affect two or more traits in positive or negative ways
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pleiotropy
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when both alleles are expressed in a heterozygote
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codominance
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a gene that has three or more alleles
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multiple allele system
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the probability that someone who inherits an allele will have the phonotype associated with it
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penetrance
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condition in which someone has extra fingers or toes
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polydactyly
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condition caused by the abnormal attachment of muscles to bones of the little finger
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campodactyly
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when an allele can produce a range of phenotypes its expression is said to be _____
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variable
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result from the combined expression of several genes
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polygenic traits
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members show a range of continuous, rather than incremental differences in a trait
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continuous variatrion
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field of study aimed to pinpoint genetic variatrions that influence how individuals respond to medications
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pharmacogenetics
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Define difference between gene and allele
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genes are the specific units on a specific location on a chromosome and are passed to offspring, alleles are copies of each gene
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Define difference between dominant and recessive alleles
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an allele is dominant when its effect on a trait masks that of any recessive allele paired with it
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Define difference between homozygote and heterozygote
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a homozygote is someone who has two identical alleles for a trait and a heterozygote is someone who has 2 different alleles for a trait
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Define difference between genotype and phenotype
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genotype refers to the particular alleles an individual has, phenotype refers to the actual observable trait an individual has
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Does segregation occur during mitosis or meiosis?
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meiosis
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Distinguish between monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
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a monohybrid cross is a cross between parents with different versions of a single trait, a dihybrid cross is a cross between parents who show different versions of two traits
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why is a testcross useful in genetic analysis?
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allows researchers to work backward from the phenotypes of offspring to determine the genotype of a parent
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Does independent assortment occur during mitosis or during meiosis?
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meiosis
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Alleles are_______
A. alternate forms of a gene B. different molecular forms of a chromosome C. always homozygous D. always heterozygous |
A
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A heterozygote has _____
A. only one of the various forms of a gene. B. a pair of identical alleles C. a pair of contrasting alleles D. a haploid condition in genetic terms |
C
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The observable traits of an organism are its_____
A phenotype B. pedigree C. genotype D. multiple allele system |
A
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Offspring of a monohybrid cross AAxaa are _____.
A. all AA B. all aa C. all Aa D 1.2 AA and 1/2 aa E. none of the above |
C
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Second-generation offspring from a cross between two homozygotes are the ______.
A. F1 generation B. F2 generation C. hybrid generation D. none of the above |
B
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Assuming complete dominance, offspring of the cross Az x Aa will show a phenotypic ratio of _____.
A. 1:2:1 B. 1:1:1 C. 9:1 D. 3:1 |
D
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Which statement best fits the principle of segregation?
A. units of heredity are transmitted to offspring. B. Two genes of a pair separate from each other during meiosis. C. Members of a population become segretated. D. A segregating pair of genes is sorted out into gametes independently of how gene pairs located on other chromosomes are sorted out. |
B
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Dihybrid crosses of heterozygous individuals (AaBbxAaBb) lead to F2 offspring with phenotypic ratios close to ______.
A. 1:2:1 B. 1:1:1:1 C. 3:1 D. 9:3:3:1 |
D
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