Bio 152 Test 3.6

Front 1

286.Chewed food mixed with saliva is called a _____________, which is swallowed once mastication is complete.

Back 1

bolus

Front 2

287.The sinusoids of the liver are lined by phagocytic reticuloendothelial cells, also called ___________ cells.

Back 2

Kupffer

Front 3

288.Within intestinal epithelial cells, lipids are wrapped in a protein coat to form __________, that will be packaged into secretory vesicles at the Golgi apparatus.

Back 3

chylomicrons or 
chylomicron

Front 4

289.A complex carbohydrate that consists of several repeating units of simple sugars is referred to as a _________.

Back 4

polysaccharide

Front 5

290.The wall of the pharynx is formed by three muscle pairs: the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal _______________.

Back 5

constrictors

Front 6

291.There are two aspects to digestion: chemical digestion and _______________ digestion.

Back 6

mechanical

Front 7

292.At the pylorus of the stomach, closure of the pyloric sphincter during the multistep process of gastric emptying leads to a reverse current of material; this reverse flow event is known as ___________.

Back 7

retropulsion

Front 8

293.A lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine is called a ____________.

Back 8

lacteal

Front 9

294.The _____________ is the region of the oral cavity between the gums and the cheeks or lips.

Back 9

vestibule

Front 10

295.The teniae coli of the large intestine pull the large intestine into many sacs, collectively called _____________. 


Back 10

haustra

Front 11

296.The process of swallowing is also called _____________.

Back 11

deglutition

Front 12

297.Lipids are absorbed from the small intestine into lymphatic capillaries called _________.

Back 12

lacteals

Front 13

298.The largest salivary gland is the ________ gland, and its duct opens near the second upper molar.

Back 13

parotid

Front 14

299.Of the three regions of the small intestine, the terminal (end) portion is the _____________.

Back 14

ileum

Front 15

300.The process by which bile breaks up large fat droplets into smaller ones is called __________.

Back 15

emulsification

Front 16

301.At the inferior end of the trachea is an internal ridge of mucosal covered cartilage that initiates a cough reflex when it is stimulated; this structure is the __________.

Back 16

carina

Front 17

302.The potential space between the serous membranes surrounding each lung is known as the pleural _________.

Back 17

cavity

Front 18

303.Parasympathetic innervation to the lungs is from the ________ nerves.

Back 18

vagus or10th cranial ortenth cranial orCN X

Front 19

304.The amount of air left in the lungs even after the most forceful expiration is referred to as the _________ volume.

Back 19

residual

Front 20

305.__________ is the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.

Back 20

Airflow

Front 21

306.Another name for the tertiary bronchi is the _________ bronchi.

Back 21

segmental

Front 22

307.Relaxation of the smooth muscle within the walls of bronchioles leads to _______________.

Back 22

bronchodilation

Front 23

308.In a situation where one small bronchus is obstructed, the air in that segment of the lung will develop a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide and a low partial pressure of oxygen. What changes in ventilation and perfusion will occur in that segment in response to this condition?

Back 23

The changes in gas pressures will result in bronchiole dilation and arteriolar constriction.

Front 24

309.List, in order, the structures of the respiratory membrane that carbon dioxide must cross to move from the blood into an air sac of the lung.

Back 24

The CO2 must pass through the pulmonary capillary endothelium, then the fused basement membrane, then the squamous cell of the alveolar wall.

Front 25

310.Describe the anatomy and physiology of swallowing. Specifically, explain the three phases of swallowing, and how they are controlled.

Back 25

The answer is summarized by figure 26.8 of the book. Briefly, the cerebrum and skeletal muscles govern the voluntary phase, which is followed by the involuntary pharyngeal phase (coordination of palate and pharynxy governed by medulla), and the involuntary esophageal phase (peristalsis and sphincter coordination).

Front 26

311.The gastrointestinal tract lining changes along its length. Choose one section of the tract that has a simple epithelium and one section that has a stratified epithelium, and for each section describe the specific epithelium present and how that type of epithelium suits the organ's function.

Back 26

A variety of answers are possible, but an obvious example follows. The oral cavity and pharynx have stratified squamous epithelium to contend with the friction of the food that is ingested. The small intestine has a simple columnar epithelium with many secretory cells; this epithelium is thin and has many microvilli (large surface area) to allow for efficient absorprtion and secretion.

Front 27

312.Imagine that someone is climbing a mountain on a very hot day. As their muscles work, acidic byproducts are generated. Describe the relevant responses of the respiratory system and also a description of how the affinity for hemoglobin will change under these conditions.

Back 27

Answers should mention the stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors by hypoxia as well as exercise induced changes in respiration (some apparently feed-forward). Minute ventilation rate should increase. Heat, low oxygen, and low pH will all lower Hb affinity for oxygen (favoring unloading at active body tissues).