Bio 152 Test 2.4

Front 1

Which statement is accurate? A. Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure. B. Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure. C. Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure. D. Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.

Back 1

B

Front 2

Give the formula for net filtration pressure; then include typical values (at the arterial end of a capillary bed) for all variables and include units.

Back 2

NFP = (HPb - HPif) - (COPb - COPif) For eg, (35 - 0) - (26 - 5) = 14 mmHg

Front 3

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the: A. blood hydrostatic pressure minus the tissue hydrostatic pressure. B. colloid osmotic pressure in the blood divided by resistance in the tissue. C. blood pressure times the total peripheral resistance. D. net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure. E. osmotic pressure in the tissue minus the hydrostatic pressure in the blood.

Back 3

D

Front 4

As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure: A. increases, as blood hydrostatic pressure rises. B. increases, as blood colloid osmotic pressure rises. C. decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases. D. decreases, as blood colloid osmotic pressure decreases. E. remains the same, as rises in blood osmotic pressure are offset by declines in tissue osmotic pressure.

Back 4

C

Front 5

If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would: A. be higher than normal. B. be lower than normal.

Back 5

A

Front 6

If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be: A. above normal. B. below normal.

Back 6

A

Front 7

Blood hydrostatic pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure. True False

Back 7

TRUE

Front 8

Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries: A. more fluid is absorbed and reabsorbed than is filtered. B. more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed. C. the fluid reabsorbed into the capillary exactly matches the amount filtered by the capillary.

Back 8

B

Front 9

Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to: A. reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid. B. filter additional fluid to the interstitial fluid. C. connect arterioles to venules and provide a shunt from the true capillaries. D. regulate colloid osmotic pressure so that filtration levels do not decline.

Back 9

A

Front 10

Although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time (based on demand), the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar. True False

Back 10

FALSE

Front 11

The higher the degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow. True False

Back 11

TRUE

Front 12

Tendons and ligaments have: A. a high degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and rapid healing. B. a high degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and slow healing. C. a high degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing. D. a low degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and rapid healing. E. a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.

Back 12

E

Front 13

The formation of new blood vessels is a process known as __________. ________________________________________

Back 13

angiogenesis

Front 14

If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be: A. regression of blood vessels in adipose and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. B. angiogenesis in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. C. regression of blood vessels in both adipose and skeletal muscle. D. angiogenesis in adipose and regression of blood vessels in skeletal muscle. E. changes in the diameter of blood vessels, but no angiogenesis nor regression.

Back 14

A

Front 15

Angiogenesis: A. is a momentary chemical control of local blood flow. B. involves muscular constriction of arterioles to alter local perfusion. C. allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue. D. involves building new muscle tissue and decreasing the amount of blood vessels in a region.

Back 15

C

Front 16

A vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed. True False

Back 16

FALSE

Front 17

At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor: A. constricts local arterioles thereby increasing pressure and increasing local blood flow. B. stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow. C. dilates local arterioles thereby increasing pressure and increasing local blood flow. D. inhibits precapillary sphincters to relax and decreases local blood flow. E. constricts precapillary sphincters and thereby increases local blood flow.

Back 17

B

Front 18

Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg? A. Decreases in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation. B. Build up of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasoconstriction. C. Build up of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation. D. Decreases in oxygen and potassium will cause vasoconstriction. E. Increases in oxygen and potassium will cause vasodilation.

Back 18

C

Front 19

An increase in blood flow that follows a temporary disruption of blood flow is known as reactive _________. ________________________________________

Back 19

hyperemia

Front 20

Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can: A. stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. B. stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasoconstrictor. C. inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. D. inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasoconstrictor.

Back 20

A

Front 21

To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as: A. bradykinins are released to trigger vasoconstriction. B. nitric oxides are released to trigger vasoconstriction. C. thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction. D. prostaglandins are released to trigger vasodilation. E. vasopressins are released to trigger vasodilation.

Back 21

C

Front 22

Which statement accurately describes total blood flow? A. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and is a fixed number given that there is a finite amount of blood in the body. B. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels. C. Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in liters. D. Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in beats per minute. E. Changes in total blood flow are accompanied by equivalent changes in local blood flow in all areas of the body.

Back 22

B

Front 23

The driving force propelling blood through the circulatory system is the difference in blood pressure from the beginning of a blood vessel to its end. This difference is known as the blood pressure _________. ________________________________________

Back 23

gradient

Front 24

Blood pressure is lowest in: A. arteries. B. veins. C. arterioles. D. venules. E. capillaries.

Back 24

B

Front 25

Systolic blood pressure is recorded: A. in arteries and is the minimum pressure that is recorded during ventricular relaxation. B. in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction. C. in veins and is the maximal pressure recorded during atrial contraction. D. in veins and is the minimum pressure recorded during atrial relaxation. E. in both arteries and veins and is the maximum pressure recorded during diastole of the heart.

Back 25

B

Front 26

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel: A. is called the pulse. B. is called the blood pressure. C. increases the further the vessel is from the heart. D. is greater during diastole. E. is greater in the inferior vena cava than in the common iliac vein.

Back 26

B

Front 27

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be: A. 125 mmHg. B. 5/3. C. 50 mmHg. D. 40 mmHg. E. 100 mmHg.

Back 27

C

Front 28

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be: A. 70 mmHg. B. 80 mmHg. C. 90 mmHg. D. 100 mmHg. E. 110 mmHg.

Back 28

B

Front 29

The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins. True False

Back 29

TRUE

Front 30

The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires: A. intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure both increase. B. intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure both decrease. C. intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases. D. intra-abdominal pressure decreases and intrathoracic pressure increases.

Back 30

C

Front 31

Peripheral resistance is: A. directly related to both vessel length and radius. B. inversely related to both vessel length and radius. C. directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius. D. inversely related to vessel length and directly related to vessel radius.

Back 31

C

Front 32

Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would be: A. high viscosity and therefore have high resistance. B. high viscosity and therefore have low resistance. C. low viscosity and therefore have high resistance. D. low viscosity and therefore have low resistance.

Back 32

D

Front 33

Blood flow is: A. directly related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance. B. directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance. C. inversely related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance. D. inversely related to the pressure gradient but directly related to the resistance.

Back 33

B

Front 34

An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow. True False

Back 34

FALSE

Front 35

Atherosclerosis involves a: A. sustained increase in blood flow that leads to decreases in venous resistance to keep blood pressure constant. B. sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow. C. sustained decrease in resistance that leads to decreases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow. D. sustained decrease in blood flow that leads to increases in arterial diameter to lower resistance and raise pressure. E. sustained increase in blood pressure that leads to compensatory vasodilation.

Back 35

B

Front 36

Increased cardiac output ______ the blood pressure. A. decreases B. increases C. will not affect

Back 36

B

Front 37

The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the: A. cardioacceleratory center from which parasympathetic pathways extend. B. cardioacceleratory center from which sympathetic pathways extend. C. vasomotor center from which parasympathetic pathways extend. D. cardioinhibitory center from which sympathetic pathways extend. E. All of the choices are correct.

Back 37

B

Front 38

Excitation of the vasomotor center results in: A. increased sympathetic activity and predominantly more vasoconstriction than vasodilation. B. increased parasympathetic activity and predominantly more vasodilation than vasoconstriction. C. increased autonomic activity that increases heart rate and dilates blood vessels. D. decreased autonomic activity that decreases heart rate and constricts blood vessels. E. redistribution of blood flow away from the skeletal muscles and toward the skin.

Back 38

A

Front 39

The aorta contains specialized sensory nerve endings that respond to stretch of the vessel wall. These pressure-sensitive structures are called aortic arch _________. ________________________________________

Back 39

baroreceptors

Front 40

Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result? A . Baroreceptors increase firing, the vasomotor center increases firing, and skin blood vessels will dilate to cause a compensatory increase in flow. B . Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase. C . Baroreceptors increase firing, the cardioinhibitory center increases firing, and the heart slows significantly to prevent further bleeding. D . Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioinhibitory center and vasomotor centers increase firing, the heart slows and blood is redirected.

Back 40

B

Front 41

High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate: A. baroreceptors to activate the vasomotor center. B. chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center. C. baroreceptors to activate the cardioinhibitory center and inhibit the cardioacceleratory center. D. chemoreceptors to inhibit the vasomotor center. E. baroreceptors and chemoreceptors to activate the cardioinhibitory center and inhibit the vasomotor center.

Back 41

B

Front 42

Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure. True False

Back 42

TRUE

Front 43

Renin converts: A. antiotensin I to antiotensin II. B. angiotensin II to angiotensin I. C. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. D. antidiuretic hormone to angiotensin. E. antidiuretic hormone to angiotensinogen.

Back 43

C

Front 44

Angiotensin II causes: A. increased heart rate, vasodilation, and less urine formation. B. decreased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and increased urine formation. C. vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst. D. decreased thirst, vasodilation, and increased urine formation. E. vasoconstriction, increased urine formation, and decreased thirst.

Back 44

C

Front 45

Increases in angiotensin II levels cause decreases in blood pressure. True False

Back 45

FALSE

Front 46

Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates: A. vasoconstriction, increased urine output, and therefore increased blood pressure. B. vasodilation, increased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure. C. vasoconstriction, decreased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure. D. vasodilation, decreased urine output, and therefore increased blood pressure. E. vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and therefore increased blood pressure.

Back 46

B

Front 47

209.Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure. A. similar B. opposite

Back 47

B

Front 48

Blood velocity is measured in _________ and is generally _________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels. A. cm/second, directly B. cm/second, inversely C. liter/min, directly D. liter/min, inversely

Back 48

B

Front 49

The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is: A. rapid, due to their small total cross sectional area. B. rapid, which prevents pooling in lower extremeties. C. slow, due to small total cross sectional area, low friction and high pressure. D. slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

Back 49

D

Front 50

During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur? A. Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases. B. Blood flow to skin decreases, and flow to the kidneys increases. C. Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to skin and brain decreases. D. Blood flow to skin, heart, and kidneys decreases.

Back 50

A

Front 51

Describe the changes in blood flow and pressure that result when someone engages in prolonged strenuous exercise. Indicate how pressure, flow, and resistance change systemically and in the skeletal muscles being used.

Back 51

See section 20.7. Briefly, CO rises dramatically, increasing flow and pressure. Within skeletal muscle, vasodilation leads to lower resistance and increased flow.

Front 52

The pulmonary trunk carries: A. oxygenated blood from the left ventricle toward the lungs. B. oxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs. C. oxygenated blood from the lungs toward the left atrium of the heart. D. deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs. E. deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the right atrium of the heart.

Back 52

D

Front 53

Pulmonary veins carry blood toward the left atrium of the heart. True False

Back 53

TRUE

Front 54

Pulmonary arteries are shorter and wider than systemic arteries. Accordingly, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is: A. high and blood flows very rapidly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange. B. high and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange. C. low and blood flows very rapidly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange. D. low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.

Back 54

D