Bio 152 Test 1 Part 2

Front 1

Early Earth’s atmosphere was a

Back 1

reducing
environment (electron‐adding)

Front 2

How was early life formed

Back 2

Joining of small molecules into macromolecules called "protobionts"

Front 3

Murchison meteorite

Back 3

Contains over 100 amino acids and other compounds

Front 4

Polymerization

Back 4

Drip amino acids on clay
–Polymers form spontaneously

Front 5

Protobiont

Back 5

Aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane‐like structure
*simple reproductive capabilities

Front 6

liposomes

Back 6

Small membrane‐bounded droplets form when lipids or
other organic molecules added to water

Front 7

First genetic material was

Back 7

RNA

Front 8

Self replication is done by what

Back 8

Ribozymes that catalyze many different reactions

Front 9

How can the fossil record be biased (3)

Back 9

•Existed for a long time
•Were abundant and widespread
•Had parts that could fossilize

Front 10

Absolute vs relative dating systems

Back 10

Absolute using chemicals or isotopes to date fossiles
Relative dating uses things like its placement within layers etc

Front 11

What can fossils tell us? (2)

Back 11

• Origin of new groups of organisms
• Trends that occurred within groups of organisms

Front 12

First single-celled
organisms

Back 12

Stromatolites
– Rock‐like structures composed of many layers of cyanobacteria and sediment

Front 13

First evidence of life on
Earth

Back 13

cyanobacteria

Front 14

The first eukaryotes

Back 14

-unicellular
–Endosymbiosis hypothesis

Front 15

Endosymbiosis hypothesis

Back 15

–Mitochondria and plastids derived from free living prokaryotes (endosymbionts)
– Prokaryotes living within larger cells (host cells)
-Host and endosymbionts become single organism

Front 16

Serial endosymbiosis

Back 16

–Mitochondria evolved before plastids
– Endosymbiotic events

Front 17

The Cambrian explosion

Back 17

• Appearance of most modern animal phyla
• First evidence of predator‐prey interactions

Front 18

Arthropods

Back 18

most abundant and diverse
land animal

Front 19

Adaptive radiation

Back 19

Evolution of diversely adapted
species upon introduction of new environmental opportunities

Front 20

Permian mass extinction

Back 20

Loss of 96% of marine species
Loss of terrestrial life
• 8 out of 27 insect orders
Violent volcanic eruptions

Front 21

Cretaceous mass extinction

Back 21

Asteroid or comet
collided with Earth

Front 22

Phylogeny

Back 22

– Evolutionary history
• Of a species
• Of a group of related species

Front 23

Systematics

Back 23

– Classifies organisms
– Determines evolutionary relationships
– Uses fossils, molecular, and genetic data

Front 24

Taxonomy

Back 24

naming and classifying organisms

Front 25

Binomial Nomenclature

Back 25

• First part of name is genus
– First letter capitallized
• Second part of name is specific epithet
• Entire species name italicized

Front 26

Data used to construct
phylogenies

Back 26

Morphology and DNA sequence information

Front 27

Homology

Back 27

– Similarity due to shared ancestry

Front 28

Anology

Back 28

Similarity due to convergent evolution

Front 29

Convergent evolution

Back 29

Similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

Front 30

Analogies also called

Back 30

homoplasies

Front 31

Clade

Back 31

group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

Front 32

Shared ancestral character

Back 32

Character that originated in
ancestor

Front 33

Shared derived character

Back 33

Evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

Front 34

Shared ancestral characters

Back 34

Homologies shared by outgroup and ingroup

Front 35

Maximum parsimony

Back 35

Most likely tree: The tree that
requires the fewest evolutionary events

Front 36

Maximum likelihood

Back 36

Given rules of how change occurs over time a tree can be found that reflect the most likely sequence of evolutionary events

Front 37

mtDNA

Back 37

– Evolves rapidly
– Used to explore recent evolutionary events

Front 38

Horizontal gene transfer

Back 38

movement of genes from one genome to another

Front 39

Prokaryote

Back 39

means “before nucleus”
– No nucleus
– No organelles

Front 40

Domain Bacteria

Back 40

–Most ancient lineage
– Simple RNA polymerase
– Formyl‐methionine
initiates protein synthesis
– Introns rare

Front 41

Domain Archaea

Back 41

– Shares features with Eukaryotes
– Diverse RNA polymerases
–Methionine initiates protein synthesis
– Introns in some genes

Front 42

Coccus =
– Bacillus =
– Spirilla =

Back 42

spherical cell
rod‐shaped cell
helically twisted cell

Front 43

Gram positive

Back 43

– Thick peptidoglycan layer
– Traps dark stain inside cell

Front 44

Gram negative

Back 44

– Extra lipopolysaccharide
layer
– Thin peptidoglycan layer
– Dark stain washes out of cell

Front 45

Two different structures for attachment

Back 45

– Capsules
– Pili (fimbriae)

Front 46

Taxis

Back 46

–Movement in response to a stimulus
– Positive chemotaxis
– Negative chemotaxis