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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Eicosanoids are a primary type of local hormone. True False
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TRUE
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Eicosanoids are a primary type of local hormone. True False
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TRUE
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Like all other hormone transport proteins, albumin is highly specific in terms of which hormone it carries through the blood. True False
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FALSE
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Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) is one of the regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus that acts on the pituitary. True False
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TRUE
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Macrophages are the converted monocytes that phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris. True False
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TRUE
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When viewing a centrifuged blood sample, the erythrocytes will be on the top. True False
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FALSE
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What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland? A. Regulate glucose levels in the blood B. Act as secondary sex hormones C. Stimulate metabolism of lipids D. Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids E. Stimulate metabolism of proteins
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D. Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids
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The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by: A. adrenocorticotropic hormone. B. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. C. follicle-stimulating hormone. D. growth hormone. E. thyrotropic hormone.
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B. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
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In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces: A. white blood cells. B. sodium chloride. C. pancreatic juice. D. endorphins. E. prostaglandins.
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C. pancreatic juice
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Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the: A. hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. B. primary plexus. C. secondary plexus. D. supraoptic portal system.
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A. hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.
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10. The three distinct areas of the anterior pituitary are the: A. pars nervosa, pars distalis, and pars intermedia. B. pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. C. pars tuberalis, median eminence, and pars intermedia. D. pars tuberalis, pars distalis, and pars nervosa. E. pars intermedia, median eminence, and pars distalis.
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B. pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis
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The parathyroid glands are located: A. just below the thalamus. B. within the thymus. C. above the kidneys. D. anterior to the thyroid gland. E. posterior to the thyroid gland.
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E. posterior to the thyroid gland
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Protein hormones are: A. lipid-soluble. B. water-soluble. C. soluble in both water and lipids. D. soluble in neither water nor lipids.
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B. water-soluble.
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Gluconeogenesis is: A. production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules, and it occurs when blood glucose is low. B.production of glucose from the breakdown of more complex carbohydrates, and it occurs when blood glucose is low. C. production of glucose from glycogen in muscle cells when glycogen levels are very high. D. breakdown of glucose in the liver into noncoarbohydrate molecules when carbohydrate levels are high. E. breakdown of glucose in response to insulin when blood sugar levels are very high.
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A. production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules, and it occurs when blood glucose is low.
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As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express: A. more receptors for sex hormones. B. less receptors for sex hormones.
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A. more receptors for sex hormones.
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The disease called ___________ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce the features known as “moon face” and “buffalo hump”. A. Cushing syndrome B. Addison disease C. androgenital syndrome D. pheochromocytoma E. Graves disease
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A. Cushing syndrome
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The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is: A. insulin. B. glucagon. C. glucocorticoid. D. somatostatin. E. epinephrine.
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B. glucagon
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The thyroid gland is located: A. anterior to the atria of the heart. B. immediately anterior to the trachea. C. immediately superior to the larynx. D. immediately posterior to the cricoid cartilage.
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B. immediately anterior to the trachea
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The metabolic condition called ___________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response. A. Type 2 diabetes B. gestational diabetes C. beta cell diabetes D. insulin-independent diabetes mellitus E. Type 1 diabetes
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E. Type 1 diabetes
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The secretion of ___________ by the anterior pituitary gland is not under the control of a hypothalamic regulatory hormone. A. growth hormone B. prolactin C. thyroid-stimulating hormone D. follicle-stimulating hormone E. melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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The pituitary gland is located _________ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the ________. A. superior, thalamus B. inferior, infundibulum C. inferior, epithalamus D. posterior, infundibulum E. superior, pars nervosa and primary plexus
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B. inferior, infundibulum
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The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to: A. regulate salt and water balance by acting on the renal system. B. stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands. C. stimulate adrenaline release from the adrenal medulla. D. stimulate cell growth and cell division in muscle and bone. E. stimulate the development of the folds on the surface of the brain.
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B. stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.
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Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore: A. steroids. B. biogenic amines. C. proteins. D. catecholamines.
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C. proteins
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The term down-regulation refers to the process by which: A. a glandular cell decreases the amount of hormone it secretes. B. a large amount of hormone shuts down all metabolic activity in a target cell. C. a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone. D. a carrier protein increases the rate of degradation for a hormone and thereby decreases its blood concentration. E. a carrier protein decreases the rate of degradation of the protein it ferries.
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C. a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone.
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You are “shadowing” an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient’s obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient’s problem? A. Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone B. Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone C. Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone D. Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone E. Hyposecretion of calcitonin
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D. Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
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Oxytocin results in more forceful smooth muscle contractions in the uterus by causing target cells to increase production of: A. adenylate cyclase. B. mRNA for myosin. C. inositol triphosphate. D. glucose.
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C?
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the: A. hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the posterior pituitary gland B. hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the anterior pituitary gland. C. anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland. D. posterior pituitary, and it targets parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. E. thyroid gland, and it targets cells of the parathyroid gland.
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C. anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the: A. hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary. B. hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the posterior pituitary. C. anterior pituitary and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. D. parathyroid hormone and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. E. thymus and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.
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A. hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
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.Thyroid hormone's effects are to: A. increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells. B. increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G- protein, cAMP cascade. C. decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells. D. decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G-protein, cAMP cascade. E. increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning off the G-protein, cAMP cascade.
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A. increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells
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Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that: A. each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many. B. each step involves one molecule activating or synthesizing exactly one other molecule for precise control. C. enzymes are used up and degraded after each individual reaction they catalyze.
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A. each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many
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Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system? A. Effects: causes metabolic activity changes in target cells B. Response time: slow reaction time = seconds to hours C. Duration of response: long- lasting = minutes to weeks D. Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level E. Communication method: hormones in the bloodstream
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D. Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level
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The most numerous of the formed elements, by far, are the: A. neutrophils. B. platelets. C. erythrocytes. D. basophils. E. albumins.
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C. erythrocytes
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Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line? A. Neutrophils B. Basophils and eosinophils C. Lymphocytes and monocytes D. Lymphocytes E. Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
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E. Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
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The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called: A. leukopenia. B. hemopoiesis. C. leukocytosis. D. erythroblastosis. E. agglutination.
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B. hemopoiesis.
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Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones? A. Regulation B. Protection C. Prevention D. Transportation E. None of these terms is appropriate
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D. Transportation
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If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate: A. the wrong blood type was used. B. the recipient had type AB blood. C. there were no agglutinins (antibodies) in the recipient blood. D. the donor had type O blood. E. Two of the answers are correct
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A. the wrong blood type was used
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The first phase of hemostasis involves: A. blood vessel dilation. B. blood vessel constriction. C. relese of procoagulants. D. fibrinolysis.
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B. blood vessel constriction
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The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a “formed element” rather than a “cell” is that erythrocytes: A. are actually dead. B. lack a nucleus and organelles. C. have lots of inclusion molecules. D. are not red. E. can form a rouleau when moving through a capillary.
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B. lack a nucleus and organelles.
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Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte A. c, a, e, b, d, f B. a, b, c, e, d, f C. a, c, d, b, e, f D. c, b, a, d, e, f E. c, a, b, e, d, f
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A. c, a, e, b, d, f
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Blood is correctly classified as a(n): A. organ. B. tissue. C. organ system. D. intracellular fluid. E. More than one of these choices is correct.
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B. tissue.
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Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies? A. Regulation B. Prevention C. Protection D. Transportation E. None of these terms is appropriate
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C. Protection
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The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units. A. heme B. globin C. iron D. calcium E. None of these answers is correct
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B. globin
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Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes? A. Eosinophils B. Basophils C. Lymphocytes D. T- ILs E. None of these
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E. None of these , neutrophils
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.How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6
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C. 4
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Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight? A. 1% B. 25% C. 46% D. 92% E. 98%
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D. 92%
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The “buffy” coat of the middle layer of a centrifuged blood sample is composed of: A. platelets and leukocytes. B. leukocytes. C. platelets. D. erythrocytes. E. erythrocytes and leukocytes.
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A. platelets and leukocytes
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The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are: A. found on the surface of erythrocytes. B. found in the cytoplasm of the erythrocytes. C. located on the surface of the leukocytes. D. located in the cytoplasm of the leukocytes. E. part of the reticular connective tissue of the spleen.
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A. found on the surface of erythrocytes
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Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules A. a, b, c, d B. b, c, e C. b, c, d, e D. a, b, c, d,
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B. b, c, e
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The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of: A. erythrocytes in the blood. B. leukocytes in the blood. C. platelets in the blood. D. plasma in the blood. E. all formed elements in the blood.
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A. erythrocytes in the blood.
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In young children, hemopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in: A. long bones of the hands and feet. B. flat bones of the axial skeleton. C. short bones of the appendicular skeleton. D. the liver and spleen.
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B. flat bones of the axial skeleton
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Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes A. a, b, c B. a, b, e C. b, c, e D. b, c, d E. c
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B. a, b, e
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21. Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone? A. Thyroid folliclesB. Ovaries and testes C. Mammary glands D. UterusE. Hair follicles
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B
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13. When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ___________ signaling. A. autocrineB. paracrine C. allomone D. pheromone
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B
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12. Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a: A. biogenic amine that is lipid soluble.B. protein hormone that is water soluble.C. steroid hormone that is water soluble.D. steroid hormone that is lipid soluble. E. monoamine that is water soluble.
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A
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53. Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic passageways. What is thecorrect order of these, from smallest diameter to largest diameter? A. Capillaries - ducts - trunks - vesselsB. Ducts - capillaries - vessels - trunksC. Vessels - capillaries - trunks - ductsD. Ducts - vessels - capillaries - trunks E. Capillaries - vessels - trunks - ducts
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E
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55. Where do T-lymphocytes mature? A. SpleenB. White bone marrow C. TonsilsD. Thymus glandE. Thyroid gland
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D
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58. The microglia of the brain are macrophages.
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T
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59. Nonspecific immunity is another name for: A. adaptive immunity.B. innate immunity.C. cell-mediated immunity. D. acquired immunity.
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B
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87. In men, LH stimulates: A. hypothalamic cells to secrete GnRH.B. interstitial cells to secrete testosterone. C. anterior pituitary cells to secrete FSH.D. sustentacular cells to secrete testosterone. E. spermatogenic cells to secrete ABP.
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B
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