Bio 152 Exam I

Front 1

Aristotle

Back 1

scale of complexity, all species fixed, influenced naming

Front 2

Linnaeus

Back 2

hierarchy of relationships, binomial taxonomy, supported evolution

Front 3

Cuvier

Back 3

catastrophism= large scale events caused extinction (ex: floods), species repopulated from other areas

Front 4

Hutton

Back 4

gradualism= change is a gradual process

Front 5

Lyell

Back 5

uniformitarianism= same processes occur today as in the past

Front 6

Lamarck

Back 6

inheritance of acquired characteristics= species strive to be more complex

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Alfred Russel Wallace

Back 7

came up with ideas about evolution, recognized that Darwin deserved credit

Front 8

homology

Back 8

similarity due to common ancestry (ex: limbs of humans, bats, cats, and whales are similar)

Front 9

Modern Synthesis

Back 9

-Darwin's evolution and natural selection
-Mendel's genetics
-math of genetics and population evolution
-ideas about speciation

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population

Back 10

individuals capable of interbreeding in a region (isolated or can overlap, no specific boundaries)

Front 11

gene pool

Back 11

all the alleles of the genes in a population

Front 12

allele frequency

Back 12

% of all alleles of a gene that are of a particular type

Front 13

Hardy-Weinberg theorem

Back 13

describes populations that are not evolving, no change in allele frequency

Front 14

Hardy-Weinberg theorem assumptions

Back 14

1. large population
2. no gene flow
3. no mutations
4. random mating
5. no natural selection

Front 15

genetic drift

Back 15

any change in a gene pool due to random effects of mating and recombination, more common in smaller populations (ex: bottleneck and founder effects)

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bottleneck effect

Back 16

large population goes through "bottleneck" until it is drastically reduced in size, surviving individuals may not be typical of the particular population (ex: cheetahs with feline leukemia)

Front 17

founder effect

Back 17

a few individuals are isolated from the main population (as few as 1 pregnant female) and the alleles they carry start the new population- may not be typical of original population (ex: albino monarch butterflies in Hawaii)

Front 18

gene flow

Back 18

immigration or emigration

Front 19

polymorphism

Back 19

more than one phenotype/genotype in population (ex: difference between males and females)

Front 20

continuous variation

Back 20

multiple genes with a range of phenotypes (ex: skin color, height)

Front 21

geographic variation

Back 21

isolated populations adapt to different environment- may eventually lead to speciation, obvious break

Front 22

clinal variation

Back 22

usually has genetic and environmental components, no obvious break (ex: height of plants on mountain, gradual change due to altitude)

Front 23

fitness

Back 23

contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generations (0 to 1, 1= best adapted genotype)

Front 24

directional selection

Back 24

most common, almost always continuous variation (ex: mice living in darker woods would slowly shift to darker colorings to camouflage)

Front 25

disruptive selection

Back 25

least common, individuals are pushed to either extremes because the middle trait is not desired, non random mating

Front 26

stabilizing selection

Back 26

also common, select against extreme traits (ex: birth weight in babies- smaller is sickly bigger is hard to birth)

Front 27

diploidy

Back 27

recessive genes are always preserved, maintains variation

Front 28

balancing selection

Back 28

heterozygous advantage (ex: sickle cell anemia with malaria)

Front 29

frequency dependent selection

Back 29

predator- prey interactions, survival of physical trait (phenotype) is dependent on its frequency in relation to other phenotypes within a population

Front 30

intrasexual selection

Back 30

male/male competition, most common (ex: antlers horns)

Front 31

intersexual selection

Back 31

female choice most common (ex: male birds have bright colors)

Front 32

microevolution

Back 32

changes in allele frequencies within populations

Front 33

macroevolution

Back 33

process of speciation and divergence above the species level

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anagenesis

Back 34

change within a population over time

Front 35

cladogenesis

Back 35

splitting of a population into two over time

Front 36

biological species concept

Back 36

grew out of Modern Synthesis, population or group of populations who have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

Front 37

morphological species concept

Back 37

based on structural features, doesn't work well with polymorphism

Front 38

paleontological species concept

Back 38

based on structural features of fossils

Front 39

ecological species concept

Back 39

based on ecological differences (such as food use)

Front 40

reproductive isolation

Back 40

factors that keep two populations from interbreeding, leads to speciation
-pre-zygotic: before fertilization (habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical gametic isolation)
-post-zygotic: after ferilization (ex: mule is non fertile hybrid)

Front 41

phylogenetic species concept

Back 41

set of organisms with a unique genetic history, everything since last branch

Front 42

allopatric speciation

Back 42

occurs when populations are separated by a geographic barrier and diverge genetically until they can no longer interbreed (ex: Galapagos finches)

Front 43

sympatric speciation

Back 43

occurs in geographically overlapping populations, may require chromosomal change, most common in plants ability to become polyploidy (many sets of chromosomes)

Front 44

autopolyploidy sympatric speciation

Back 44

during Meiosis 1, homologous pairs don't separate= diploid cell + empty cell

Front 45

allopolyploidy sympatric speciation

Back 45

2 plants form new species, 1 plant with odd # of chromosomes mates with sterile plant

Front 46

adaptive radiation

Back 46

rapid speciation, species colonizes new environment and sub populations quickly adapt, common on islands, may result in close genetic relation or founder's effect

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gradualism

Back 47

gradual change in tempo of speciation, change is a gradual process

Front 48

punctuated equillibrium

Back 48

stair steps in temp of speciation

Front 49

phylogeny

Back 49

evolutionary history of a species- evolutionary branching pattern

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analogy

Back 50

similarity due to similar adaptations to environment (ex: mole vs. marsupial)

Front 51

sympleisomorphies

Back 51

not informative, shared primitive characteristics (ex: all mammals have 4 legs- but so do many reptiles, insects, etc.)

Front 52

synapomorphies

Back 52

informative, shared derived characteristics, used to construct cladograms (ex: all marsupials have pouches)

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monophyletic

Back 53

cladistic group, ancestor plus all of decedents

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paraphyletic

Back 54

cladistic group, ancestor plus some decedents (ex: reptiles have separate group from birds even though birds evolved from reptiles)

Front 55

polyphyletic

Back 55

cladistic group with no common ancestor in group

Front 56

phylograms

Back 56

lengths of branches reflect # of changes

Front 57

taxonomy

Back 57

ordered classification of organisms based on characteristics

Front 58

ultrametric tree

Back 58

branches of tree represent timing of divergence

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classification

Back 59

category (ex: kingdom, phylum, class, etc.)

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taxon

Back 60

any named group at any level of classification

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evolution

Back 61

change in allele frequency of a population

Front 62

natural selection

Back 62

mechanism of evolutionary adaptation, population selects favorable traits which become more frequent in gene pool