Bio 145 Test #2

Front 1

How many Americans will contract cancer?

Back 1

1 in 3 Americans

Front 2

Top three cancers in males:

Back 2

- lung
- prostate
- colon rectal

Front 3

top three cancers in women:

Back 3

-lung
- breast
- colon

Front 4

Survival rate if detected early in men for Testicular cancer:

Back 4

95% survival rate

Front 5

Prostate Specific Antigen Test:

Back 5

a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland. Measure the amount of PSA in the blood.

Front 6

Digital Rectal Exam

Back 6

Annual exams at the age of 40 for men, feeling for marble sized tumor

Front 7

by the age of 50 what percent of people will have contracted an HPV infection

Back 7

80%

Front 8

what percent of americans are obese?

Back 8

64%

Front 9

obesity was the cause of how many deaths

Back 9

400,000...steadily increasing more than smoking.

Front 10

Benign tumors

Back 10

stays in the site of origin

Front 11

Malignant tumors

Back 11

spread from the site of origin or undergo metastisis

Front 12

metastisis

Back 12

capable of spreading through the body and invading other tissue

Front 13

Angiogenesis

Back 13

-blood vessels feed the cancerous cells and that is how the tumor grows
-stopping the blood vessels from getting to the cells stops the tumor from growing

Front 14

Carcinogenesis

Back 14

-process of growth of cancer
-only takes one cell which divides and multiplies

Front 15

Proteinase Enzyme:

Back 15

eats away at normal tissue and make its way down to blood vessels and spreads

Front 16

what percent of people diagnosed with lung cancer die within 1 year?

Back 16

75%

Front 17

carcinogens

Back 17

a cancer causing agent

Front 18

mutation

Back 18

change in the DNA sequence

Front 19

mutagen

Back 19

agent that causes a mutation

Front 20

what percent of lung cancer is caused by smoking?

Back 20

87%

Front 21

what is it about carbon monoxide that makes it so dangerous?

Back 21

it prevents hemoglobin from carrying oxygen

Front 22

oncogene

Back 22

cancer causing gene

Front 23

it can take up to how many years after smoking does early symptoms of cancer start?

Back 23

22 years

Front 24

In all cells:
Proto-Oncogene

Back 24

before, cancer causing only when stimulated, HPV can turn this one

Front 25

In all cells:
Tumor Suppressor Gene

Back 25

cells that take care of the cancerous cells, HPV turns this off

Front 26

How does lung cancer spread?

Back 26

travels from the trachea into the bronchus into the primary bronchi, this is where the smoke settles and we have formation of tumors and lung cancer

Front 27

air sacks in the lungs are the

Back 27

alveoli

Front 28

controlled growth
contact inhibition
one organized layer
differentiated cells

Back 28

normal cells

Front 29

uncontrolled growth
no contact inhibition
disorganized, multilayered
nondifferentiated cells
abnormal nuclei

Back 29

cancer cells

Front 30

information for cancer is carried in the

Back 30

DNA

Front 31

1 out of how many base pairs caused cancer?

Back 31

1 out of 15,000

Front 32

1 small tumor can release up to how many cancerous cells a day?

Back 32

1 million

Front 33

what is apotosis?

Back 33

programmed cell death, destroys itself if it cannot repair, it also protects the body from abnormal chromosomes

Front 34

Formation of Cancer:

Back 34

mutation
proto-oncogene becomes oncogene
signaling protein malfunctions
inappropriate cell growth

Front 35

300,000 cases a year
layer of skin beneath the surface
early effective treatment cure rate of 95%

Back 35

basal cell carcinoma

Front 36

80,000-100,000 cases a year
develops on outer layer of skin

Back 36

squamos cell carcinoma

Front 37

45,000-50,000 cases a year
deadliest type
arises in melanocytes
usually in pre-existing moles or other pigmented lesion

Back 37

melanoma

Front 38

the basic concept of treating cancer is to

Back 38

stop cell division

Front 39

radiation therapy

Back 39

causes cancer cells to mutate and undergo apoptosis

Front 40

chemotherapy

Back 40

damaging dna or interfering with dna symthesis

Front 41

what is endostatin?

Back 41

a drug that prevents a tumor from receiving nutrient and blood supply,dr. judith folkman,it attacks normal cells that feed the tumor and allow it to grow.

Front 42

what causes cancer?

Back 42

genetics, heredity, environmental factors, viruses, organic chemicals

Front 43

what is an oncogene

Back 43

cancer causing gene, promotes cell division which leads to mutations which leads to the division of abnormal cell types

Front 44

what causes proto-oncogenes to become oncogenes and turn off tumor suppressor genes?

Back 44

viruses

Front 45

what is p53?

Back 45

it tries to repair dna mutations, it cannot,apoptosis or cancer occurs

Front 46

angiongenesis

Back 46

new blood vessel growth

Front 47

what is a protein enzyme?

Back 47

an enzyme that eats away at tissue to allow tumors to spread

Front 48

what is dysplasia?

Back 48

abnormal cells that can lead to cancer

Front 49

what three tests are used to find cancer?

Back 49

-blood tests, medical image of mri,biopsy

Front 50

what is the most common form of skin cancer?

Back 50

basal cell carcinoma

Front 51

what are the abcde of detecting skin cancer?

Back 51

a- asymmetry
b- borer irregularity
c- color variation within a mole
d- diameter, larger than 6mm
e- environment impacts cancer

Front 52

six different types of treatment for cancer:

Back 52

-chemotherapy
-radiation
-surgery
-bone marrow transplant
-angiostatin and endostatin
-vaccinations

Front 53

epidemic

Back 53

disease that can be found in a specific area, i.e. isu campus

Front 54

pandemic

Back 54

world wide epidemic

Front 55

antigen

Back 55

a non-self molecule; a disease causing organism

Front 56

counters the effect of antigens, specific antibodies eliminate certain anitgens

Back 56

antibody

Front 57

a clear fluid that bathes the body's tissues

Back 57

lymph

Front 58

where immune cells congregate, and where they encounter antigens

Back 58

lymph nodes

Front 59

characteristics of bacteria:

Back 59

prokaryotic
single celled
use of variety of resources for growth and production

Front 60

what are the characteristics of viruses?

Back 60

composed of outer capsid made of protein and inner core of nucleic acid
dna or rna
live only inside the host cell

Front 61

-made up of 8 genes
-gets into the hosts cells by using hemagglutinin
-virus takes over the machinery of the cell and begins to make copies of itself
-neuraminidase allows the virus to leave the cell and spread through the body

Back 61

influenza virus

Front 62

when mutations of the nucleic acid of the spike protein of the influenza virus brings about a small change in the antigens

Back 62

antigenic drift

Front 63

when two different viruses attack the same cell, results in the rearrangement of the viral genome

Back 63

antigenic shift

Front 64

provides long lasting protection against a disease causing virus

Back 64

active immunity

Front 65

short lived immunity, passed from a mother to her newborn during breast feeding

Back 65

passive immunity

Front 66

antibiotics,who discovered

Back 66

alexander fleming penicillin in 1928, kill bacteria by blocking cell wall formation

Front 67

MRSA

Back 67

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. staph in fection that often live in the nose of skin of healthy people.

Front 68

what is blood composed of?

Back 68

composition of plasma- 7% plasma proteins, 1% other, 92% water
composition of formed elements- 1% platelets and white blood cells, 99.9% red blood cells

Front 69

what are the five types of white blood cells

Back 69

neutophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophils, basophils

Front 70

neutrophil

Back 70

40-70% phagocytizes primarily bacteria

Front 71

lymphocyte

Back 71

20-45%, b type produces antibodies in blood and lymph, t type kills virus containing cells

Front 72

monocyte

Back 72

4-8%, becomes macrophage, phagocytizes bacteria and viruses

Front 73

eosinophils

Back 73

1-4% phagocytizes and destroys anitgen-antibody complexes

Front 74

basophils

Back 74

1%, releases histamine when stimulated,promotes blood flow to injured tissue

Front 75

cell mediated immunity
humoral immunity-antibody mediated immunity

Back 75

adaptive immune response

Front 76

responsible for cell-mediated immunity, require antigen processing,and can now recognize antigens. Originate in bone marrow and mature in thymus gland

Back 76

T cells

Front 77

enhance specific and nonspecific defenses by stimulating other immune cells

Back 77

helper t cells

Front 78

attack and destroy abnormal cells

Back 78

cytotoxic t cells

Front 79

reactive upon later exposure to the same antigen to form helper and cytotoxic t cells

Back 79

memory t cells

Front 80

may suppress immune response after an antigen has been destroyed

Back 80

suppressor t cells

Front 81

responsible for antibody mediated immunity, react directly to antigens, originate and mature in the bone marrow

Back 81

b cells

Front 82

secretes antibodies, immunoglobulin

Back 82

plasma b cells

Front 83

retain immunological memory

Back 83

memory b cells

Front 84

main antibody in circulation and binds to pathogens, activates complement and enhances phaocytosis

Back 84

IgC

Front 85

activates complement proteins

Back 85

IgM

Front 86

prevents attachment of pathogens

Back 86

IgA

Front 87

antigen receptors on virgin B cells

Back 87

IgD

Front 88

immediate allergic response

Back 88

IgE

Front 89

Engulfs a pathogen and breaks it down into fragments.

Back 89

APC, antigen presenting cell

Front 90

apc fragments are linked to this so that it can be presented to a t-cell. once a helped t-cell recognizes and anitgen, it stimulates cytotoxic t cells to destroy pathogen and infected cells

Back 90

MHC, major histocompatibility complex

Front 91

they mark the cells as belonging to a particular individual and cause problems with tissue rejection

Back 91

HLA, human leukocyte associated antigens

Front 92

what is macrophage

Back 92

monocytes and neutrophils can morth into macrophage. Puss is dead macrophage and wants to leave the body when it is done fighting

Front 93

what are the four steps of an inflammation reaction?

Back 93

-vasolidation
-release of histamine which causes capillary dilation.
-release of bradykinins which causes pain
-phagocytic migration to the site of infection

Front 94

what are the functions of mast cells?

Back 94

they are a type of white blood cell that release histamine during an allergic reaction

Front 95

attack chemicals,complement system attacks bacterial cells specifically.

Back 95

protective proteins

Front 96

what are the two attack chemicals

Back 96

prefoin-used by cytotoxic t cells to destroy targets
endogenous pyrogen-a fever less iron in blood and a virus cannot replicate without iron

Front 97

what is the difference between allergies and autoimmune diseases?

Back 97

allergies occur when the body's immune system overreacts to substances in the environment,called allergens. autoimmune disease is when the body turns on its own cells

Front 98

what are the steps in the body's response system to allergy exposure?

Back 98

allergen,plasma b cell make IgE antibody, which attaches to the mast cells,then release histamines

Front 99

which stage of the tick life cycle causes problems for humans?

Back 99

the nymph stage of a deer tick

Front 100

what is the action of histamine

Back 100

dilates capillaries, which is responsible for watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing and itchy throat