Bio 143

Front 1

connective tissues are never exposed to outer environment of body

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include bone fat and blood

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3 basic components of connective tissue

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1. specialized cells

2. extracellular protein fibers

3. fluid known as ground substance

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matrix=?

Back 4

ground substance and extracellular fibers that surround cell

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functions of connective tissue besides connecting body parts

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-establishing a structural framework for body

-transporting fluids and dissolved materials from one region of body to another

-providing protection for delicate organs

-supporting, surrounding and interconnecting other tissue types

-storing energy reserves (forms of lipids)

-defends body from invasion by microorganisms

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classification of connective tissues

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-connective tissue proper(loose, dense)

-fluid connective tissue (blood, lymph)

-supporting connective tissue (cartilage, bone)

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connective tissue proper

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refers to connective tissues with many types of cells and extracellular matrix in a syrupy ground substance. differ in types of cells contained, and composition of ground substance and fibers.

loose- areolar, adipose, reticular

dense- dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

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fluid connective tissue proper

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have distinct population of cells suspended in watery matrix that contains dissolved proteins.

blood and lymph

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supporting connective tissue

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less diverse cell population, and a matrix that contains dense packed fibers.

-cartilage- matrix is gel and characteristics depending on predominant fiber type

-bone- matrix is said to be calcified. contains mineral deposits (primarily calcium salts). minerals give bones strength and rigidity.

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connective tissue proper

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extracellular fibers, viscous syrupy ground substance and two classes of cells. fixed and wandering. # of cells varies on local conditions.

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fixed cells in connective tissue proper. types

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stationary, primarily involved with local maintenance, repair and energy storage.

-mesenchymal, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, fixed macrophages, Adipocytes, melanocytes

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fixed cells in connective tissue proper...mesenchymal (mesenchymal stem cell)

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respond to local injury or infections by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages or other connective tissue cells

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fixed cells in connective tissue proper...fibroblasts

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one of two most abundant. only cells always present. slender. stellate cells are responsible for production of all connective tissue fibers. each fibroblast manufactures and secretes protein subunits that interact to form large extracellular fibers. also secrete hyaluronan (gives ground substance viscous consistency)

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fixed cells in connective tissue proper...fibrocytes

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mature fibroblasts. second most abundant. stellate shape. maintain fibers. may be believed to turn back into fibroblasts in the case of damage and aid in repair of connective tissues.

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fixed macrophages

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large, amoeboid cells. scattered among fibers. cells engulf damaged or dead cells or pathogens that enter tissue. important for body defenses. when stimulated they release chemicals that activate immune system and attach large #s of wandering cells involved in body's defense mechanism

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fixed cells in connective tissue proper...adipocytes

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known as fat cells. contains single lipid droplet that occupies almost entire cell.

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fixed cells in connective tissue proper...Melanocytes

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synthesize and store a brown pigment (melanin) that gives tissue dark color. common in epithelium of skin. major role in determining skin color. found in underlying connective tissue(dermis). abundant in connective tissue of the eyes.

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wandering cells of connective tissue proper

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free macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils.

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wandering cells of connective tissue proper... free macrophages

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large phagocytic cells wandering rapidly . when circulating with blood they are called monocytes. MACROPHAGES offer "frontline" offense reinforced by arrival of free macrophages

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wandering cells of connective tissue proper... mast cells

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small, found near blood vessels. cytoplasm of mast cell is filled with secretory granules of histamine and heparin (chemicals released after injury or infection which stimulates local inflammation)

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wandering cells of connective tissue proper...lymphocytes

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like free macrophages migrate throughout body. #s increase when damage occurs. some develop into plasmocytes (responsible for production of antibodies( proteins involved in defending body against disease)

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wandering cells of connective tissue proper...Neutrophils, eosinophils

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phagocytic blood cells (similar to monocytes) cells migrate through connective tissues in small #s. when infection/injury occurs chemicals released by macrophages and mast cells attract them in large #s