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227 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a series of intrinsic neurons located in the GI tract is
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enteric nervous system
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the microvilli of the small intestine increases the SA by a factor of
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20x
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which plexus controls motility of the intestines
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myenteric nerve plexus
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what type of tissue makes up the lamina propia
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areolar CT
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the accumulation of bilirubin due ti the fact that the liver is unable to break it down
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jaundice
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which nerve stimulates the salivary glands
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vagus
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the layer of the alimentary which lines the lumen is
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mucosa
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what type of CT makes up the submucosa
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areolar CT
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malfuction of which organ is suggested by jaundice
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liver
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large folds in small intestines whict are divided into villa
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plicate circulares
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a lesion found in the epithelium of the lower esophagus, stomach, duodenum is referred to as
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peptic ulcer
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widest region of the stomach below the esophagus
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body
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name given to the type of protein that causes the chloride shift
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antiport
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once in the hepatic veins where do water-soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next
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general circulation via inferior vena cava
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name the lipid surrounded by the phospholipids in the golgi apparatus are
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chylomicrons
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the outermost layer of the alimentary canal consisting of simple squamous epithelium
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serosa
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once in lacteals where do lipids and lipid soluble compounds go next
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thoracic duct
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an enzyme that breaks dipeptides into their amino acid components
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dipeptidase
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during the production of gastric acid where do the potassium ions go
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parietal cells
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mushroom shapped papillae that are large and scattered over the tongues dorsal surface are
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fungiform
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a term referring to projections containing most of the taste buds
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papillae
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type of diarrhea in which the intestinal lumen is hypertonic which pulls excess water in
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osmotic
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other than nerves and stretch, what stimulates movement and secretion along gastro-intestinal tract
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chemicals
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which plexus is found between the circular and longitudinal layers of muscle in the muscularis externa
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myenteric nerve plexus
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inflammation if colon is
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colitis
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what is the major neurotransmitter released by the PNS
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acetylcholine
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the process of taking in food is referred to as
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ingestion
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once they leave smooth endoplasmic recticulum, where do lipids or lipid soluble compounds go next
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golgi apparatus
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once in the superior mesenteric vein where do water soluble compounds/drugs/toxins go next
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hepatic portal vein
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a thin layer of smooth muscle within most of the mucosa of the alimentary canal is
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muscularis mucosa
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droplets of bile surrounding lipid such as broken down triglycerides which allow these lipids to be absorbed by the intestines
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micelles
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enzymes which digest smaller peptide into molec small enough to be absorbed by small intestines
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peptidases
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other than nerves and certain chemicals what stimulates movement and secretion along GT tract
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stretch due to presence of food
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what cells of the stomach release intrinsic factor
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parietal cells
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large papillae located near the back of the tongue
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circumvallate
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a pre-enzyme released by zymogen cells
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pepsinogen
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which subdivision of the NS stimulate vomiting
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PNS
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what is the funct of serosa
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produces fluid
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other than water absorption whats another major funct of colon
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harbors bacteria
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hormone causing gall bladder to contract and release bile
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cholecytokinin
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for the chloride shift where do the Cl ions come from
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parietal cells
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which of the papillae are located along the sides of the tongue
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foliate
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during Cl shift what compound is exchanged w/ bicarbonate ions
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Chloride
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an enzyme produced by the pancreas that digests starch into smaller carbs
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amylase
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a thin layer of smooth muscle in the mucosa of the alimentary canal which serves to increase the SA to maximize absorption of nutrients
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muscularis mucosa
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swallowing
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deglutition
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drugs that inhibits acetycholine
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atropine
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to which level must proteins be digested in order to be absorbed by the small intestines
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amino acids
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2 layers of smooth muscle found in most of the alimentary canal that causes the movement of food along the tract
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muscularis externa
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a compound released by the pancreas which is similar to the chymotrypsin in that it digest proteins into smaller yet still non-absorbable peptides
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trypsin
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what drug is used for preoperatively to dry up the salivary glands
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atropine
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for the Cl shift react, do the cells want to produce H+ or remove H+ as water
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produce
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what type of tissues lines the oral cavity and the esophagus
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non-keratinized stratified epithelium
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what do the Cl ions pumped into the stomach's lumen combine with to make acid
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Hydrogen ions
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which salivary gland is located just in front of earlobe
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parotid
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a hormone that causes the pancreas to release protease enzymes into the duodenum
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secretin
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a condition demonstrated by bringinf self induced vomiting or large doses of laxitives
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bulimia
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presence of which substance causes the release of cholecytokinin
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fat
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where is cholecytokinin mde
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small intestines
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the reasons that ingested lipids soluble sompounds/toxins/drugs pose a potential problem is
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they bypass the liver detoxification on first past
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what struct of the stomach release gastrin
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enteroendocrin cells
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they are divided into microvilli
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villi
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proteins that move H ions to the gastric lumen are
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proton pumps
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waves of smooth muscle that propel fell
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peristalsis
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bile is stored in
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the gallbladder
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process by which the amino group NH2 is removes from amino acids before they are broken down further
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deamination
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a break-down product from hgb that is found in bile
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bilirubin
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what funct does muscularis mucosa serve
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increase surface area
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the layer of the mucosa that lines the lumen is
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epithelium
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major neurotransmitter released by the vagus nerve
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acetylcholine
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a hormone that causes the pancreas to release bicarbonate ion into the duodenum
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secretin
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which salivary gland is located on the floor of the mouth
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sublingual
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enzyme found in the saliva that kills microbes
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lysozyme
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pH of stomach
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2-3
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which compound is bile derived
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cholesterol
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which of the transport processes is demonstrated by the production of gastric acid by the stomach
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counter transport
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H ions are essentially the same as
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protons
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which of the tongue papillae do not have taste buds
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filliform
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the proton pump for the gastric cells belong to which class of protein receptors
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histamine type 2 receptors
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during the production of gastric acid, in which cells are H ions from
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parietal cells
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an enzyme found in the saliva that digest lipids is
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lipase
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which type of antibody is found in saliva and mothers milk
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IgA
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during the production of gastric acid, what compound is exchanged for potassium ions in the gastric lumen
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H ions
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cells from the islets of langerhans which release somatostatin
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delta cells
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the simple columnar lining of the alimentary canal is
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epithelium
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what do the H ion pumped into the stomach's lumen combine with to make acid
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Cl ions
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what does amylase act upon
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plant starch or amylose
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contents of stomach
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chyme
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disease of liver which is contracted vis body fluids which demonstrates a sever chronic disease
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hepatitis B
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other than the liver what else store glycogen
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muscle
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liver breaks glucose off which compound in order to increase plasma levels
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glycogen
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what part of the alimentary canal are most peptic ulcers found
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duodenum
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a compound released by the pancreas which is similar to trypsin in that it digest proteins into small yet sill unabsorbable peptides
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chymotrypsin
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cells from the islets of langerhans which release glucagon
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alpha cells
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what type of tissue lines the alimntary canal from the stomach through the colon
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simple columnar epithelium
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struct in pancreas that carry out must of the endocrin fuct
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islets of langerhans
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which cells of the stomach release pepsinogen
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zymogen cells
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middle section of small intestines
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jejunum
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where's glucagon produced
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pancreas
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enzyme that digest lactose
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lactase
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a specialized enzyme that digest amino acids from carboxyl end of a polypeptide chain
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carboxypeptidase
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a hormone responsible for increasing plasma glucose levels bu increasing hepatic release of glucose
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glucagon
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difficult or infrequent defecation is referred to as
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constipation
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a compound allowing the intestines to absorb Vitatmin B12
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intrinsic factor
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name the cells of the pancreas that produce digestive enzymes and the bicarbonate ions
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acinar cells
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special cells that actively pump hydrogen ions into the stomach's lumen to create it's acid are known as
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parietal cells
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compound released by liver from breakdown of glycogen
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glucose
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name for mucus producing cells that line GI and resp tract
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goblet cells
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process in which the liver makes blood cells outside of bone cavity
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extramedullay hemopoiesis
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all folds of small intestines increase Total SA by a factor of
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600x
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toxic compounds made from the amino groups removed from amino acids
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urea
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besides harboring bacteria a major funct of colon
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absorption of water
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plicate of small intestines increase SA by
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3x
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for Cl shift what gastric cells produced the bicarbonate ions
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parietal cells
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a glycerol with only one fatty acid attached is
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monosaccharide
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hormone causing contraction of gallbladder forcing bile into duodenum is
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cholecytokinin
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aprox how much of cholesterol is made by liver
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85%
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to which level must triglycerides be digested in order to be absorbed by small intestines
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fatty acids and a monoglyceride
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a specialized enzyme that digest amino acids from the amino acids end of a polypeptide chain
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aminopeptidase
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what type of receptor must be inhibited to reduce the production of acid by the stomach
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histamine type 2 receptors
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condition which fundus and cardiac zone push up through diaphragm into thorax is
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hiatal hernia
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condition indicated by extramedullary hemopoiesis
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bone marrow surpression
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once through hepatic sinusoids where do water soluble compounds/drugs go
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central vein
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% of feces made of fat
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10-20%
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chronic inflammation of colon with ulceration and scarring
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crohns disease
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structure allowing for ingested lipids to enter intestinal lacteals
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chylomicrons
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during production of gastric acid what compound is exchanged for H ions in gastric lumen
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potassium ions
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where are fatty acids broken into acetyl group which can be used for metabolism
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liver
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what does intrinsic factor allow the small intestines to absorb
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vitamin B12
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which salivary gland is located on the body of mandible
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submandibular
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large majority of cholesterol is made by
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the liver
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major detoxification organ of body
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liver
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process by which liver makes glucose from non carbs such as protein is
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gluconeogenesis
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plant starch
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amylose
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major buffer from pancreas
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bicarbonate ion
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which enzyme produced by gastric parietal cells allows production of H+
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carbonic anhydrase
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to which level must carbs be digested in order to be absorbed by small intestines
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monosaccharides
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once in intestinal v. where do water soluble compounds/drugs go next
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superior mesenteric V
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compound released by pancreas that becomes trypsin
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tripsinogen
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organ that releases glucose to increase plasma levels
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liver
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once in central V of hepatic lobule, where do water soluble compounds/drugs go next
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hepatic v
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released by pancreatic alpha cells
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glucagon
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nerve stimulating movement and secretion along GI tract
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vagus
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enzyme that digests maltose
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maltase
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hormone causes stomach to produce more acid
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gastrin
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bile is made by
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liver
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thick layer of areolar CT w/ blod and lymph vessels and nerves, next to mucosa that makes up 2nd layer of alimentary canal is
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submucosa
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where lactid acids from muscles is converted to usable pyruvic acid
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liver
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once in intestinal lumen, where do water soluble compounds/drugs go next
|
intestinal veins
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general class of enzymes which digests fat
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lipases
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antimicrobial compound contained in salaiva also active in immune system
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defensins
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which plexus controls various GI glands and musclularis mucosa
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submucosal nerve plexus
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villi of small intestines increase SA by
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10x
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where are low density lipoproteins made
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liver
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narrower region of stomach below esophagus is
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pyloric
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folds in stomach
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rugae
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process which lactic acid generated in muscles in converted to usable pyruvic acid
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cori cycle
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phospholipids are made in
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liver
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cells secreting various hormones to regulate digestion
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enteroendocrine cells
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enzyme that digests oligosaccharides into individual glucose molec
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dextrinase & glucoamylase
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in production of gastric acid where do H ions go
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gastric lumen
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allergic react to gluten
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celiac disease
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organ releasing intrinsic factor
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stomach
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enzyme digesting RNA
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ribonuclease
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after entering golgi apparatus in the intestinal epithelial cell, what happens to the components of broken down triglycerides
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reassembled into triglycerides
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a term that identifies a struct that produces hormones that are released from ductless glands directly into blood
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endocrine funct
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type of mesothelial lining that produces fluid
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serosa
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layer of simple squamous epi that adheres to viscera of abdomen is
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visceral peritoneum
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% of feces made of dead diarrhea
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30%
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once absorbed by small intestines into which organells do lipid or lipid soluble compounds enter
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smooth ER
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elimination of solid waste
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defication
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tiny lymph vessels in walls of small intestines
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lacteals
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released by pancreatic delta cells
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sematostatin
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other than stomach where is gastrin produced
|
small intestines
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enzyme which break triglycerides into smaller components
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lipases
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distal section of small intestine attaching to colon
|
ileum
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persistent splashing of gastric contents
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gastroesophegeal reflux
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once in hepatic portal v where do water soluble compounds/drugs go next
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branches of hepatic portal vein in livers lobules
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for Cl shidt where do bicarbonate ions go
|
blood plasma
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cells in islet of langerhan which release insulin
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beta cells
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most plasma proteins are made here
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liver
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once in thoracic duct, where do lipid and lipid soluble compounds go next
|
L subclavian V
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type of diarrhea caused when small intestines secrete massive amounts of fluids as seen in cholera
|
secretory
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which struct eliminate urea from body
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kidneys
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enzyme found in saliva which breaks starch into glucose
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amylase or ptyalin
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struct releasing secretin
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small intestine
|
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type of diarrhea caused when food passes through intestines too fast for water absorption
|
increased motility
|
|
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which autonomic NS stimulates GI tract
|
PNS
|
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a general name for layer of simple squamous epi that adheres to lungs ans viscera of abdomen is
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mesothelium
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blood in vomit
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hematemesis
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process in which liver breaks fatty acids into acetyl groups usable for metabolism
|
beta oxidation
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approx how much of cholesterol is obtained by diet
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15%
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enzyme digesting sucrose
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sucrase
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glands with ducts
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exocrine
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which transport process is demonstrated by Cl shift
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counter transport
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chewing
|
mastication
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loss of motility seen after abdominal surgery is
|
Ileus
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genus and species of major bacterium growing in colon
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escherichia coli
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region of stomach superior to gastroesophageal junction is
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fundus
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smallest papillase on dorsum of tongue giving friction
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filliform
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% of feces made of fiber
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30%
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once in the small branches of hepativ portal V in hepatic lobules were do water soluble compounds/drugs go next
|
detoxified in livers sinusoids
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which subdivision of NS stilumates salivary glands
|
PNS
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enzyme digesting DNA
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deoxyribonuclease
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intestinal gas produced by various bacteria is
|
flatus
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type of acid produced by stomach
|
HCl
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during production of gastric acid, where doe potassium ions ceom from
|
gastric lumen
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inflammed out pocketing of colon
|
diverticulosis
|
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1st of small intestines
|
duodenum
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small amount of blood in intestines not readilly seen
|
occult blood
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during Cl shift what compound is exchanged w/ Cl ions
|
bicarbonate ions
|
|
|
a disease of liver which is contracted through fecal oral transmission route which usually demonstrates rather mild disease symptoms often with fever
|
hepatitis A
|
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an enzyme produced by the stomach that digests proteins into smaller, yet still non absorbable peptides
|
pepsin
|
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the CT layer if mucosa that is next to epithelium is
|
lamina propia
|
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Blood presenting from rectum is
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hematochezia
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where are high density lipoproteins made
|
liver
|
|
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a pathological condition in which the patient demonstrates an abnormal reduction in apetite
|
anorexia
|
|
|
type of tissue that makes up musclularis mucosa
|
smooth muscle
|
|
|
give genus and species of bacterium that causes peptic ulcers
|
helicobacter pylori
|
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protein in various grains that acts as an allergin in some people
|
gluten
|
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massive accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity causing distension
|
ascities
|
|
|
what causes pepsinogen to change into enzyme pepsin
|
low pH
|
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once in the golgi apparatus what happens next to lipids or lipid soluble compounds
|
surrounded by phospholipids
|
|
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which segment of small intestines produces gastrin
|
duodenum
|
|
|
what is released by pancreatic beta cells
|
insulin
|
|
|
type of tissue makes up the muscularis externa
|
smooth muscle
|
|
|
the digestive tract from mouth to anus
|
alimentary canal
|
