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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which genomes are larger? Eukaryotic or prokaryotic genomes?
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Eukaryotic
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What does noncoding mean?
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Repeated DNA sequences that are not transcribed into protein.
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What cell part separates transcription and translation in eukaryotes?
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cell-membrane
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The genome of Sacchromyces cerevisiae has been discovered, what is this?
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budding yeast
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How did scientist disocer the probable role of around 70% of genes?
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gene annotation
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what organism has become an important model for eukaryotic cells?
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yeast
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What do E. coli and yeast use the same number of genes for?
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cell survival
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Why do euakryotes need more genes than prokaryotes?
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cell compartmentalization
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What are histones?
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They package DNA into nucleosomes.
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What are four types of genes that encode proteins that are present in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?
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Genes encoding histones, cenes encoding cytockeletal and motor proteins, genes that encode cyclin dependent kinases that control cell dicision, and genes that encode proteins involved in the processing of RNA.
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What is the major difference between nematode and a yeast?
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Nematodes are multicellular
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About what percentage of genes in nematodes are related to multicellularity as opposed to eukaryoticism
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about 4/5
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Why do drosophilia have fewer genes than the round worm?
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Round form has large gene families.
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Who has more repetitive DNA sequences, puffer fish or humans?
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puffer fish
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Why is the thale cress a favorite plant model?
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it has a small genome
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What evidence suggests that plants and animals have a common ancestor?
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there are many homologs in the genes
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What are the three types of highly repetitive sequences found in eukaryotes?
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satelites, minisatellites, mincrosatellites.
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What are telomeres?
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Moderately repetitive sequences at the ends of chromosomes that are not transcribed into RNA
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Sequences of DNA that can move from place to place in the genome.
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transposons
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What are the 4 types of transposons in eukaryotes?
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SINEs, LINEs, retrotransposons, DNA transposons
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Where would a transposon be interted to disable or alter transcription rate?
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a functional gene
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Where would a transposon be interted to reult in new mutations?
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germ line
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Where would a transposon be inserted to cause cancer?
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A somatic cell
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What may have played a role in the evolution of cell organelles?
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transposons
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What are the three types of noncoding sequences called in DNA?
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the promoter, the terminator, introns
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Which codes, an intron or an exon?
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exon
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Which includes intons? pre-mRNA or mature mRNA?
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pre-mRNA
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The segment preceding the coding region of a eukaryotic gene.
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promoter
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What binds to a promoter to begin the transcription process?
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RNA polymerase
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The DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription?
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terminator
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What process does terminator terminate?
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transcription
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Inexact, nonfunctional copies of a gene.
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pseduogenes
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A set of duplicated or related genes
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gene family
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which end of pre-mRNA is the gcap added to?
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5'
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Which end is the poly A tail added to?
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3'
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The boundries between introns and exons
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consenus sequences
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What binds to the consensus sequence?
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snRNP
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What does RNA polymerase I do?
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transscribes RNA coding sequences
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What does RNA polymerase II do?
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transcribes protein-coding genes to mRNA
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What does RNA polymerase III do?
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Transcribes tRNA and small nuclear RNAs
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What are the two essential sequences of prokaryotic promoters
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the recognition sequence and the TATA box
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regulatory proteins
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Transcription factores
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Bind regulator proteins that activate RNA polymerase
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regulator sequences
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Bind activator proteins and strongly stimulate the transcrtiption complex.
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enhancer regions
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turn off stranscription
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silencer sequences
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What do stress response elements stimulate?
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RNA synthesis
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Which kind of DNA is easier to transcribe into mRNA
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Euchromatin
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which kind of dna is rarely transcribed?
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heterochromatin
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these catalyze the cleavage of DNA into small fragments
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restriction enzymes
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