Bio 122 Lecture Test 3

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diverse lifestyles of fungi

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decomposers
parasites
mutualists

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most common body structure of fungi

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multicellular filaments and single cells

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yeasts

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single cells

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mycelia

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networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

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fungal cell walls contain

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chitin

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coenocytic fungi

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lack septa and have a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei

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septa

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hyphae divided into cells with pores allowing cell-to-cell movement of organelles

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haustoria

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specialized hyphae that allow them to penetrate the tissues of their host

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mycorrhizal fungi

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deliver phosphate ions and minerals to plants

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pheromones

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sexual signaling molecules to communicate their mating type

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plasmogamy

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the union of cytoplasm from 2 parent mycelia.

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heterokaryon

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haploid nuclei from each parent that coexist in the mycelium

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dikaryotic

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when the haploid nuclei pair off to a cell

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karyogamy

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nuclear fusion. the haploid nuclei fuse producing diploid cells.

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molds

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produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia

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deuteromycetes

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have no known sexual stage

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the ancestor of fungi was...

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an aquatic, single-cells, flagellated protist

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opisthokonts

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formed from fungi, animals and their protistan relatives

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chytrids

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found in freshwater and terrestrial habitats

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zoospores

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fungi (chytrids) that have flagellated spores

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zygomycete

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include fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts. usually reproduce asexually.

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glmeromycetes

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form arbuscular mycorrhizae

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ascoycetes

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produce sexual spores in saclike asci contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps

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basidomycetes

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include mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, mycorrhizae and plant parasites.
a lot of them are decomposers of wood

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basidium

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a clublike structure that is a transient diploid stage in the life cycle

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basidiocarps

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mycelium reproduces sexually by producing
elaborate fruiting bodie

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lichen

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a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic cyanobacteria and a fungus

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Animals are....

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heterotrophs that ingest their food within their bodies.
multicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls

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collagen

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structural proteins that hold animal bodies together

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tissues

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groups of cells that have a common structure, function or both

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how do animals reproduce?

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sexually, with the diploid stage usually dominating the life cycle

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cleavage

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rapid cell division

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blastula

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cleavage leads to formation of a multicelluar, hollow.....

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gastrulation

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the bastula undergoes this process. forms a gastrula

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gastrula

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different layers of embryonic tissues

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larva

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sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult, eventually undergoes metamorphosis

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choanoflagellates

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protists that are the closest living relatives of animals

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neoproterozoic era

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1 billion-542 million years ago

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Ediacaran biota

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early members of the animal fossil record which dates from 565 to 550 million years ago

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paleozoic era

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542-251 million years ago

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cambrian explosion

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535-525 mya. marks earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals

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several hypotheses on the Cambrian Explosion and decline of Ediacaran biota

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New predator-prey relationships
a rise in atmostpheric oxygen
evolution of the Hox gene complex

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Hox genes

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regulate the development of body form

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time when animals make major impact on land?

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460 Million years ago

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when did vertebrates make transition to land?

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360 million years ago

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mesozoic era

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251-65.5 million years ago

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during the mesozoic era what occured?

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coral reefs emerged
dinos were dominant terrestrial vertebrates
mammals first emerged

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Cenozoic Era

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65.5 million years ago to present

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what occured during the cenozoic era?

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a mass extinction.
mammals increased in size
global climate cooled

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body plan

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a set of morphological and developmental traits

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radial symmetry

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no front and back or left and right

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bilateral symmetry

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two-sided symmetry

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bilaterally symmetrical animals have...

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a dorsal side and a central side
a right and left side
anterior and posterior
cephalization

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dorsal

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top

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ventral

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bottom

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anterior

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head

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posterior

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tail

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cephalization

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the development of a head

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ectoderm

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germ layer covering the embryo's surface

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endoderm

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innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called the archenteron

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sponges...

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lack true tissues

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diploblastic

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animals that have an ectoderm and endoderm.
include cnidarians and comb jelllies

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triploblastic

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animals that have an intervening mesoderm layer; include all bilaterials
-flatworms, arthropods, vertebrates, and others

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body cavity

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triploblastic animals have this...

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coelom

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a true body cavity and is derived from mesoderm

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coelomates

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animals that possess a true coelom

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pseudocoelom

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a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm,

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acoelomates

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triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity

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points of agreement

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all animals share a common ancestor. sponges are basal animals. eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues. most animal phyla belong to clade Bilateria. chordates and some other phyla belong to clade Deuterostomia.

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Porifera

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sponges. live in marine or fresh waters.

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suspension feeders

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sponges capture food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body

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spongocoel

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where Water is drawn through pores into a cavity

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sponges lack..

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true tissues and organs

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Choanocytes

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flagellated collar cells, generate a
water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food

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mesohyl

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a gelatinous noncellular layer in sponges found between two cell layers

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Amoebocytes

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are found in the mesohyl and play
roles in digestion and structure (make spicules)

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hermaphrodites

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Each individual functions as both male and female

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Cnidarians

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one of the older groups in clade Eumetazoa.
Jellies, Corals and hydras.
have radial body plan

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gastrovascular cavity

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Cnidarian have a sac with a central digestive compartment

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two types of Cnidarians

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Polyp and motile medusa

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Polyp: Cnidaria

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adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body

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medusa: Cnidaria

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has a bell-shaped body with its mouth on the underside

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cnidocytes

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unique cells in cnidarians that function in defense and capture of prey

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Nematocysts

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specialized organelles within
cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

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four major classes of Cnidaria

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Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
cubozoa
anthozoa

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Hydorzoans

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alt between polyp and medusa forms. reproduces asexually by budding

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Scyphozoans

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jellies (medusae) are the prevalent
form of the life cycle

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Cubozoans

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the medusa is box-shaped and has complex eyes Cubozoans often have highly toxic cnidocytes

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Anthozoans

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corals and sea anemones. only occur as polyps.

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lophophore

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used for feeding in Lophotrochozoans

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trochophore

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a larval stage

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Lophotrochozoa

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includes flatworms, rotifers,ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs and annelids

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flatworms

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phylum platyhelminthes.

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flatworms are divided into 2 lineages

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catenulida- reproduce asexually by budding
rhabditophora- include free-living and parasitic species

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planarians

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best-known rhabditophorans.

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parthenogenesis

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rotifer reproduction where females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.

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Lophophorates

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Ectoprocts and Brachiopods

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lophophore

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a crown of ciliated tentacles around the mouth

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Ectoprocts

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sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble plants

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brachiopods

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resemble hinge-shelled molluscs, but the 2 halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral. attach to seafloor by a stalk

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molluscs

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snails and slugs, oysters and clams and octopuses and squids. soft bodied protected by a hard shell

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3 main parts of a mollusc

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muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle.

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trochophore

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life cycle of molluscs that includes a ciliated larval stage

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4 major classes of molluscs

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Polyplacophora
Gastropoda
Bivalvia
Cephalopoda

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torsion

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most distinct characteristic of gastropods. the animal's anus and mantle end up about its head

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adductor muscles

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bivalves have a shell divided into 2 halves drawn together by these

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phylum annelid

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polychaeta and oligochaeta.

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Ecdysozoans

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the most species-rich animal group
two largest phyla are nematodes and arthropods

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arthropods

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has segmented body, hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages

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4 major lineages that diverged from arthropods

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chelicerates
myriapods
hexapods
crustaceans

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chelicerates

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horseshoe crabs. most modern forms are archnids (spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites)

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book lungs

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gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs

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incomplete metamorphosis

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nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size

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complete metamorphosis

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have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar

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Decapods

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large crustaceans and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish and shrimp

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copepods

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plankton crustaceans which are among the most numerous of all animals.

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Echinoderms

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sea stars and sea urchins

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chordates

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verterbrates

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living echinoderms are divided into five classes

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– Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies)
– Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
– Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
– Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
– Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

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4 key characteristics of chordates

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1. Notochord
2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
3. Pharyngeal slits or clefts
4. Muscular, post-anal tail

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chordates

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bilaterian animals that belong to the clade of animals known as Deuterostomia

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notochord

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a longitudinal, flexible rod btwn the digestive tube and nerve cord.

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Functions of pharyngeal slits

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– Suspension-feeding structures in many
invertebrate chordates
– Gas exchange in vertebrates (except
vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)
– Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods

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Cephalochordata

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lancelets and are named for their bladelike shape

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tunicates

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Urochordata. more closely related to other chordates than lancelets.

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Craniates

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chordates that have a head. shared characteristics: a skull, brain, eyes and other sensory organs.

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Vertebrates

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craniates that have a backbone

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Vertebrates have the following derived characters

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1. Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
2. An elaborate skull
3. Fin rays, in the aquatic forms

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lampreys

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represent the oldest living lineage of vertebrates. Petromyzontida.

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conodonts

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first vertebrates with mineralized skeletal elements in their mouth and pharynx.

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Gnathostomes

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vertebrates that have jaws

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Chondrichthyans

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sharks, rays and skates.

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Oviparous

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eggs hatch outside the mother's body

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ovoviviparous

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the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk

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viviparous

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the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother's blood.

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osteichthyans

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majoirty have a bony endoskeleton. includes bony fish and tetrapods

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operculum

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protects fishes gills

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swim bladder

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helps control fishes buoyancy

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Tetrapods

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gnathostomes that have limbs

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Tetrapods have some specific adaptations

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– Four limbs, and feet with digits
– A neck, which allows separate movement of the
head
– Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone
– The absence of gills (except some aquatic species)
– Ears for detecting airborne sounds

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Tiktaalik

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could prop itself on its fins but not walk

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Amniotes

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tetrapods that have a terrestially adapted egg. includes reptiles including birds

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Derived Characters of Amniotes

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named for the major derived character of the clade, the amniotic egg, which
contains membranes that protect the embryo
• The extraembryonic membranes are the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois

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ectothermic

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absorbs external heat

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endothermic

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capable of keeping the body warm through metabolism

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2 lineages of living reptiles

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lepidosaurs and archosaurs

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squamates

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lizards and snakes

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Derived Characters of Birds

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wings with keratin feathers.
lack of urinary bladder, females with only on ovary, hollow bones, small gonads and loss of teeth

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The Origin of Birds

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descended from small theropods, a group of carnivorous dinosaurs

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Archaeopteryx

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oldest bird known

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Derived Characters of Mammals

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– Mammary glands, which produce milk
– Hair
– A high metabolic rate, due to endothermy
– A larger brain than other vertebrates of
equivalent size
– Differentiated teeth

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mammals evolved from...

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synapsids

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By the early Cretaceous, the three living lineages of mammals emerged:

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monotremes, marsupials and eutherians

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monotremes

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small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus

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marsupials

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opossums, kangaroos and koalas. embryo develops within a placenta in the mother's uterus

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eutherians

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Young complete their embryonic development within a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta

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Derived Characters of Primates

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hands and feet
a large brain and short jaws
forward-looking eyes close together on the face
complex social social behavior and parental care
opposable thumbs

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3 main groups of living primates

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lemurs, lorises and pottos
tarsiers
anthropoids (monkeys and apes)

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Derived Characters of Primates

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• Upright posture and bipedal
• Larger brain
• Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
• Shorter digestive tract

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Australopiths

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a paraphyletic assemblage of hominins living between 4 and 2 million years ago

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Neanderthals

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lived in europe and the near east from 350,000 to 28,000 years ago.

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homo sapiens

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appeared in africa by 195,000 years ago. all living humans descended from these african ancestors