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136 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Scurvy
vitamin C deficiency
Ca++ involved in: rickets, heart, blood, muscle, ATP, nerves, DNA replication, DNA transcription, ADP to ATP
rickets, heart, blood muscle
P involved in: rickets, heart, blood, muscle, ATP, nerves, DNA replication, DNA transcription, ADP to ATP
rickets, ATP
K+ involved in: rickets, heart, blood, muscle, ATP, nerves, DNA replication, DNA transcription, ADP to ATP
nerves, heart
Na+ involved in: rickets, heart, blood, muscle, ATP, nerves, DNA replication, DNA transcription, ADP to ATP
nerves, heart
Mg=+ involved in: rickets, heart, blood, muscle, ATP, nerves, DNA replication, DNA transcription, ADP to ATP
ADP to ATP, DNA transcription and replication
Building polymers from monomers.
anabolism
Breaking down polymers into monomers
catabolism
What is the movement of phosphates
kinase
What is the removal of a carboxyl group.
decarboxylase
Byproduct of decarboxylase
CO2
The enzyme action that removes hydrogen
dehydrogenase
Another name for dehydrogenase
oxidase
Components of ATP
adenine, sugar and 3 phosphate groups
ADP
adenine di-phosphate, ATP minus 1 phosphate group
AMP
adenine mono-phosphate, ATP minus 2 phosphate group
The body's energy currency
ATP
Anaerobic high energy reserve
CP Creatine Phosphate
Another name for CP
phosphocreatine
Where is CP found
muscle
What happens to CP in the presence of creatine kinase.
breaks down into creatine and a phosphorous group. CP + creatine kinase = C + P
The phosphorous group that is removed from CP can be readily used for what.
to create ATP. P + ADP = ATP
Without any external system influence how long can ATP and CP supply energy to a cell.
up to approximately 10 second
What is ETC
Energy Transport Chain
Two important substances that absorb potential energy and referred to as "reduced coenzymes".
NADH-H+ and FADH2
Reduction means.
Gaining an electron
FAD
flavin adenine dinucleotide
NAD
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Where does the action of FAD and NAD take place
ETC
What is necessary for FAD and NAD to release their potential energy
O2
What is substrate phosphorilation.
high energy P transferred from intermediate metabolic compound.
What is the speed at which substrate phosphorilation occurs.
right away
Where does phosphorilation occur
cytosol
Where does oxidative phosphorilation occur
mitochondria
What is oxidative phosphorilation.
when oxygen is present to allow high energy intermediates [NADH-H+ and/or FADH2] to transfer electrons to ETC.
Is oxidative phosphorilation direct or indirect.
indirect
What energy system is independent and last for up to approximately 10 seconds
ATP-CP immediate energy
What's another name for ATP-CP energy system.
phosphogenic
Where does the short term energy system get it's energy.
glucose and glycogen
Name the three energy systems.
ATP-CP , short term and long term
Which energy systems are aerobic.
long term
Which energy system forms lactic acid
shorterm
What's another name fo the short term energy system.
glycolytic
Which energy system last about 2 / 3 minutes.
short term or glycolytic
Which energy system produces 2 ATPs
short term or glycolytic
Which energy system produces 1 ATP
ATP-CP
Which energy system produces 36 ATPs
aerobic or long term
Which energy system depletes glycogen.
short term or glycolytic
What is one of the effects of high levels of lactic acid on O2 delivery.
increases because the acidic state that results from the lactic acid make O2 have less affinity for hemoglobin.
What is the difference between an acid ending in -ic vs. -ate.
-ic means the acid has a hydrogen to donate; -ate means the hydrogen has already been donated.
Scurvy
vitamin C deficiency
Ca++ involved in: rickets, heart, blood, muscle, ATP, nerves, DNA replication, DNA transcription, ADP to ATP
rickets, heart, blood muscle
P involved in: rickets, heart, blood, muscle, ATP, nerves, DNA replication, DNA transcription, ADP to ATP
rickets, ATP
K+ involved in: rickets, heart, blood, muscle, ATP, nerves, DNA replication, DNA transcription, ADP to ATP
nerves, heart
Na+ involved in: rickets, heart, blood, muscle, ATP, nerves, DNA replication, DNA transcription, ADP to ATP
nerves, heart
Mg=+ involved in: rickets, heart, blood, muscle, ATP, nerves, DNA replication, DNA transcription, ADP to ATP
ADP to ATP, DNA transcription and replication
Building polymers from monomers.
anabolism
Breaking down polymers into monomers
catabolism
What is the movement of phosphates
kinase
What is the removal of a carboxyl group.
decarboxylase
Byproduct of decarboxylase
CO2
The enzyme action that removes hydrogen
dehydrogenase
Another name for dehydrogenase
oxidase
Components of ATP
adenine, sugar and 3 phosphate groups
ADP
adenine di-phosphate, ATP minus 1 phosphate group
AMP
adenine mono-phosphate, ATP minus 2 phosphate group
The body's energy currency
ATP
Anaerobic high energy reserve
CP Creatine Phosphate
Another name for CP
phosphocreatine
Where is CP found
muscle
What happens to CP in the presence of creatine kinase.
breaks down into creatine and a phosphorous group. CP + creatine kinase = C + P
The phosphorous group that is removed from CP can be readily used for what.
to create ATP. P + ADP = ATP
Without any external system influence how long can ATP and CP supply energy to a cell.
up to approximately 10 second
What is ETC
Energy Transport Chain
Two important substances that absorb potential energy and referred to as "reduced coenzymes".
NADH-H+ and FADH2
Reduction means.
Gaining an electron
FAD
flavin adenine dinucleotide
NAD
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Where does the action of FAD and NAD take place
ETC
What is necessary for FAD and NAD to release their potential energy
O2
What is substrate phosphorilation.
high energy P transferred from intermediate metabolic compound.
What is the speed at which substrate phosphorilation occurs.
right away
Where does phosphorilation occur
cytosol
Where does oxidative phosphorilation occur
mitochondria
What is oxidative phosphorilation.
when oxygen is present to allow high energy intermediates [NADH-H+ and/or FADH2] to transfer electrons to ETC.
Is oxidative phosphorilation direct or indirect.
indirect
What energy system is independent and last for up to approximately 10 seconds
ATP-CP immediate energy
What's another name for ATP-CP energy system.
phosphogenic
Where does the short term energy system get it's energy.
glucose and glycogen
Name the three energy systems.
ATP-CP , short term and long term
Which energy systems are aerobic.
long term
Which energy system forms lactic acid
shorterm
What's another name fo the short term energy system.
glycolytic
Which energy system last about 2 / 3 minutes.
short term or glycolytic
Which energy system produces 2 ATPs
short term or glycolytic
Which energy system produces 1 ATP
ATP-CP
Which energy system produces 36 ATPs
aerobic or long term
Which energy system depletes glycogen.
short term or glycolytic
What is one of the effects of high levels of lactic acid on O2 delivery.
increases because the acidic state that results from the lactic acid make O2 have less affinity for hemoglobin.
What is the difference between an acid ending in -ic vs. -ate.
-ic means the acid has a hydrogen to donate; -ate means the hydrogen has already been donated.
What is matter?
Any substance that has mass and takes up space
What is chemistry?
The science that deal with matter and its changes
What is a chemical change?
A reaction where substances react and new substances take their place. Gasoline burning is an example of a chemical change.
What is a physical change?
A reaction where substances react where substances do not change. Ice changing to water is an example of a physical property change.
What is a chemical property?
The chemical reactions that a substance undergoes.
What is a physical property?
Properties that do not involve chemical reactions. Usually, physical properties are changes in color, melting point or change of state.
What is the scientific method?
A set of procedures that scientists used to test theories.
What is a fact?
A statement or observation based on direct experience.
What is a hypothesis?
A statement that is proposed without actual proof to explain the facts and their relationships.
What is a theory?
Formulation of an apparent relationship amount certain observed phenomena, which has been verified by experiment to some extent.
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
A hypothesis is an "educated guess". A theory develops after a hypothesis goes through many tests. A theory is more believable, due to it being tested more than a hypothesis.
What is exponential notation?
A method of writing very large or small number using the powers of ten.
What are significant figures?
The amount of precision in a number, the number of absolutely know values.
What is an SI unit?
It is an international system of units that scientists from around the world agreed on.
What is the metric system?
An SI unit of measurement based on the unit of 10.
Solids have...
Definite shape and a definite volume.
Liquids have...
Indefinite shape but definite volume.
Gases have...
Indefinite shape and indefinite volume.
What is density?
The amount of mass per unit volume.
What is specific gravity?
A ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density of water. Has no units.
Energy is defined as...
The capacity to do work.
Kinetic energy is also called the energy of _______
motion
Potential energy is also called ________ energy.
stored
What are some of the forms of energy that exist?
Mechanical energy- light energy, heat energy, and electrical energy, chemical energy.
What is the law of conservation of energy?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
What is heat?
A form of energy that most frequently accompanies chemical reactions.
What is a calorie?
The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a liquid water by 1oC.
What is the SI unit for calories?
Joule. Pronounced like "cool".
What is specific heat?
Amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of any substance by 1C
What is volume?
The space that matter occupies.
What is mass?
The quantity of matter in an object.
What is the difference between mass and weight?
Mass is independent of location. For example, the mass of a stone is the same whether on a mountain or in the bottom of the ocean. However, weight is the force of mass experience under the pull of gravity. For example, the weight of the same stone is different on a mountain than on the bottom of the ocean.
How are mass and weight similar?
Mass is always directly proportional to weight and depends on the force of gravity.
What is Kelvin?
The SI unit of absolute temperature measurement in science.
What is the relationship between Kelvin and Celsius?
C + 273o = K
What is absolute zero?
The lowest possible theoretical temperature where all atomic motion ceases.