Bio 121 Lab Final

Front 1

Reflex

Back 1

a rapid, automatic response that occurs to a specific stimulus.

Purpose:

- Protects the body fromdamage such as from excessive light or heat

• Coordinates skeletal musclemovements • Regulates ANS such as heart rate and moving digested substances through the digestivetract

Front 2

Reflex Arch

Back 2

thepathway followed by nerve impulses through a reflex (5major parts)

Receptor --> Sensory Neuron --> Interneuron --> Motor Neuron --> Effector

Front 3

(1) Receptor

Back 3

the structure thatreceives the stimulus; it's a modified dendriteof a neuron

Front 4

(2) Sensory Neuron

Back 4

the unipolar neuron that transmits the nerve impulse fromthe receptor to the CNS

Front 5

(3) Interneuron

Back 5

the short neuron in thegray matter of thespinal cord that connects the sensory input to the motor output •monosynaptic reflex arc - lacks aninterneuron. It has only one synapsebetween the sensory neuron and the motor neuron • polysynaptic reflex arc - has aninterneuron.

Front 6

(4) Motor Neuron

Back 6

the multipolar neuron that transmits the nerve impulse fromthe CNS to the effector

Front 7

Effector

Back 7

the muscle or gland at the end of the reflex pathway to which themotor neuron is connected

Front 8

Central Canal

Back 8

also known as ependymal canal, is the CSF filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord.

Front 9

Ependymal Cells

Back 9

neuronal cells that form the epithelial lining of the ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord. Ependymal cells are also the epithelial layer that surrounds the choroid plexus. These cells have tight junctions connecting them together, making it difficult for large cells to pass through (Part of the BBB)

Front 10

Identify Meninges on a human spinal cord

1) Dura Mater

2) Arachnoid

3) Pia Mater

Back 10

Front 11

Indentify gross structures on spinal cord (posterior view)

1) cervical enlargement

2) lumbar enlargement

3) conus medullaris

4) cauda equina

Back 11

Front 12

Brachial Plexus

Back 12

Front 13

Ulnar nerve

Median nerve

Radial nerve

Back 13

Front 14

Sciatic Nerve & Femoral Nerve

Back 14

Front 15

Lumbar & Sacral plexus

Back 15

Front 16

12 Cranial Nerves

Back 16

Front 17

Cranial nerve I

Back 17

Olfactory: sense of smell

Front 18

Cranial nerve II

Back 18

Optic: provides visual interpretation from the retina

Front 19

Cranial nerve III

Back 19

Oculomotor: motor nerve that lifts eyelid up, rotates eyeball up, constricts pupils

Front 20

Cranial Nerve IV

Back 20

Trochlear: innervates eye muscles and turns the eye

Front 21

Cranial Nerve V

Back 21

Trigeminal: provides sensory and motor functions for nose, eyes, tongue and teeth

Front 22

Cranial Nerve VI

Back 22

Abducens: motor nerve connected to the pons that turns the eye laterally

Front 23

Cranial Nerve VII

Back 23

Facial: located just over the brain stem; responsible for different facial expressions and senses touch on face and tongue

Front 24

Cranial Nerve VIII

Back 24

Vestibulocochlear (acoustic or auditory):

motor nerve that provides information on balance of head and sense of sound or hearing.

Front 25

Cranial Nerve IX

Back 25

Glossopharyngeal: sensory nerve that carries info regarding temperature, pressure and other factors from pharynx and parts of the tongue and palate

- involved with taste buds and salivary glands and some motor functions with swallowing

Front 26

Cranial Nerve X

Back 26

Vagus: mixed nerve that carries sensory and motor information involving the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and parts of the heart and palate.

- Constricts muscles in each of the areas listed above.

- Aides in taste

Front 27

Cranial Nerve XI

Back 27

Accessory: motor nerve that supplies information about spinal cord, trapezius, and other areas

- provides muscle movement to shoulders and neck

Front 28

Cranial Nerve XII

Back 28

Hypoglossal: motor nerve involving the tongue

Front 29

Name a function for each of the regions of the cerebrum:

Gustatory Cortex

Back 29

perception of taste

Front 30

Name a function for each of the regions of the cerebrum:

Visual Cortex

Back 30

visual perception of images

Front 31

Name a function for each of the regions of the cerebrum:

Primary Motor Cortex

Back 31

controls voluntary muscle movements throughout the body, including those of the hands, feet, arms, legs, face and tongue.

Front 32

Name a function for each of the regions of the cerebrum:

Motor Speech (Broca's area)

Back 32

located only in the left hemisphere

- provides motor movements involving speech production.

- damage to this area allows people to understand information without being able to communicate back

Front 33

Name a function for each of the regions of the cerebrum:

Frontal eye field

Back 33

controls visual attention and eye movements

Front 34

Name a function for each of the regions of the cerebrum:

Somatic sensory association area

Back 34

Makes sense of sensory input; stores memories of different senses. So if blindfolded this region could interpret what sandpaper feels like and what it feels like to place your hands in a pair of scissors.

Front 35

Name a function for each of the regions of the cerebrum:

Sensory speech area

(Wernicke's area)

Back 35

Only on the left hemisphere; understands speech

Front 36

Name a function for each of the regions of the cerebrum:

Auditory association area

Back 36

Allows you to recognize a particular sound as speech, music or noise

Front 37

Function of:

Cerebrum

Back 37

The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action.

Front 38

Function of:

Cerebellum

Back 38

receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.

Front 39

Functions of:

Brain Stem

Back 39

regulation of many Autonomic systems involving heart rate, breathing, sleeping, and eating. It includes the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon), pons (part of metencephalon), and midbrain (mesencephalon)

Front 40

function of:

Lacrimal gland

Back 40

The lacrimal gland produces tears which then flow into canals that lead to the lacrimal sac.

Front 41

function of:

ciliary body

Back 41

the structure in the eye that releases a transparent liquid (called the aqueous humor) within the eye. The ciliary body also contains the ciliary muscle, which changes the shape of the lens when your eyes focus on something. This process is called accommodation.

Front 42

function of:

aqueous humor

Back 42

It maintains the pressure needed to inflate the eye and provides nutrition for the central cornea and lens as they do not have their own blood supply.

Front 43

function of:

vitreous humor

Back 43

The vitreous humour is in contact with the retina and helps to keep it in place by pressing it against the choroid.

Front 44

function of:

Choroid coat

Back 44

a pigmented, highly vascular membrane of the eye that is continuous with the iris and lies between the sclera and the retina, functioning to nourish the retina and absorb scattered light.

Front 45

function of:

Retina

Back 45

The purpose of the retina is to receive light that the lens has focused, convert the light into neural signals, and send these signals on to the brain for visual recognition.

Front 46

function of:

Fovea centralis

Back 46

Provides sharp vision: only cones, no rods

Front 47

function of:

optic nerve

Back 47

The job of the optic nerve is to transfer visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses.

Front 48

function of:

Lens

Back 48

The lens, by changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances, thus allowing a sharp real image of the object of interest to be formed on the retina.

Front 49

Function of:

The auricle

Back 49

The auricle functions to collect sound and transform it to directional and other information. The auricle collects sound and acting as a funnel amplifies this and directs it to the auditory canal.

Front 50

Function of:

tympanic membrane

Back 50

It functions by vibrating in response to percussions from compression sound waves in the air. These vibrations are translated into fluid waves by the ossicles in the middle ear.

Front 51

Function of:

ear ossicles

Back 51

The function of the ossicles is to transmit (and amplify) vibrations of the tympanum across the middle ear to the oval window, which transfers them to the inner ear.

Front 52

Function of:

Auditory tube

Back 52

to protect, aerate and drain the middle ear (and mastoid).

Front 53

Function of:

Cochlea

Back 53

The function of the cochlea is to transform the vibrations of the cochlear liquids and associated structures into a neural signal.

Front 54

Function of:

Semicircular canals

Back 54

provide the brain with information on balance and body positioning

Front 55

Function of:

Oval window

Back 55

sends amplified sound vibrations from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear.

Front 56

Function of:

Round window

Back 56

It allows fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that hearing will occur.