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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION |
Formation of offspring by fusion of male gamete and a female gamete to produce a zygote |
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION |
Formation of offspring without fusion of egg and sperm; all offspring are clones |
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FISSION |
A.R., separation of parent into 2 or more individuals of about the same size |
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Anthopleura elegantissima |
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Gonactinia prolifera |
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BUDDING |
Formation of new individuals from outgrowth of existing ones |
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Hydra - A.R. by budding - S.R.: both female & male gametes, but will most likely fertilize another hydra |
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Obelia |
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Acropora |
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Turbinaria peltata |
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Aeolosoma hemprichi |
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FRAGMENTATION |
Breaking the body into pieces, in which some or all develop into adults |
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REGENERATION |
Follows fragmentation |
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Linckia - performs AR and SR - in SR, male on top |
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Metridium senile |
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GEMMULATION |
A.R. done by Family Spongiliidae during unfavorable conditions spicules archeocytes --> thesocytes (move out of gemmule from micropyle) |
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PARTHENOGENESIS |
development of new individual from unfertilized egg |
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Daphnia Arthropoda: Crustacea F. Cladocera - born live, viviparous |
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EPHIPPIA - sexual egg of Daphnia - covered w/ chitin |
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Brachionus P. Rotifera - corona: cilia - foot - only 1 ovary w/ 2n eggs - eggs exit via cloacal opening - mictic female: during sexual reproduction |
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Philodina Bdelloid Rotifer - all female population - hasn't had sex in 40 million years |
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pic |
Aspidoscelis uniparens - all female population - performs pseudocopulation - high levels of estradiol: female - high levels of progesterone: male-like |
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Aspidoscelis inornata - bisexual ancestor of A. uniparens |
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Varanus komodoensis |
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TWOFOLD COST OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION |
Sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females - a "reproductive handicap" |
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pic |
Porcupines - 8 -12 hrs in a year to mate - female allows male to urinate on her |
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Dragonflies, damselflies P. Arthropoda, C. Insecta, O. Odonata - show structural adaptation to get sperm to the egg - female bends herself to reach the sperm cache - wheel position |
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pic |
Deer - behavioral adaptation - perform courtship routines via fighting |
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YOLK |
functions to provide food and nourishment to the embryo |
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ALECITHAL |
animals w/ no yolk - seastars and sea urchins |
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TELOLECITHAL |
animals w/ a lot of yolk - bird egg |
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OVIPAROUS |
animals that lay eggs, with little to no embryonic development in the mother |
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VIVIPAROUS |
embryonic dev't within the body of the parent, leading to live birth -eggs nourished directly from maternal tissues |
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OVOVIVIPAROUS |
eggs hatch inside the mother |
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GONADS |
organs that produce gametes |
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GONOCHORISTIC |
having only 1 set of reproductive systems - either female or male |
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SPERMATOPHORE |
protein mass of sperm transferred during mating in some insects |
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SPERMATHECA |
Found in female insects, where sperm is kept temporarily |
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Katydid -eating the spermatophore - as a source of protein and so that she doesn't have to hunt anymore |
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Calanus P. Arthropoda, SP. Crustacea, SC. Copepoda - female w/ 10 spermatophores attached to genital segment |
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SEX PHERMONES |
how males and females find each other |
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Lepidoptera - secrete sex phermones |
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pic |
Musk rat - male produces sex phermones - sex glands in posterior area |
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HERMAPHRODITISM |
individual has male and female reproductive systems - can mate and self fertilize |
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Clonorchis sinensis Chinese Liver Fluke P. Platyhelminthes, C.Trematoda -simultaneous hermaphroditism - exchange of sperm |
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example of simultaneous hermaphroditism -exchange of sperm |
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Earthworm (Pheretima) P.Annelida, C.Oligochaeta - external fertilization - simultaneous hermaphroditism |
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Caenorhabditis elegans - free-living - feeds on bacteria -simultaneous hermaphrodite - BUT during unfavorable conditions, male (XO) appears -aligning of male cloaca and female vulva |
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Caenorhabditis elegans Roundworm - free-living - feeds on bacteria -simultaneous hermaphrodite - BUT during unfavorable conditions, male (XO) appears -aligning of male cloaca and female vulva |
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Proglottids of tapeworm, Taenia P. Platyhelminthes, C. Cestoda - self fertilization is possible, proglottids can fertilize each other |
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Nembrotha chamberlaini |
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Nembrotha rutilans - "male" uses sperm transfer organ --> penis - "female" receives sperm in mantle cavity -they separate and then switch roles - male may try for hypodermic impregnation |
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Sea Hares -in mating chain - 1st: female - middle: both female and male - last: male - find each other via H2O borne sex phermones |
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Slipper shell limpet Crepidula fornicata - sequential hermaphroditism - from female to male due to environmental cues |
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Crepidula fornicata veliger larvae |
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PROTANDRY |
change from male --> female |
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American Oyster |
Crassostrea virginica - protandry male --> female --> male (may change back) - due to salinity |
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PROTOGYNY |
female --> male |
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Thalassoma bifasciatum Bluehead wrasse - maintains a harem - when male dies, largest female becomes the male |
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OVULATION |
release of mature eggs at midpoint of female reproductive cycle |
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EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION |
eggs shed by female are fertilized by sperm in external environment -usually aquatic |
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Ballooning Tùngara Engystomops pustulosus -vocal sacs filled with air - fatal attraction |
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Engystomops pustulosus |
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Trachops cirrhosus Fringe-lipped bat Engystomops pustulosus's noise attracts these bats |
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Ground Weta Orthoptera (mating, New Zealand) |
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PARENTAL CARE |
helps ensure survival of offspring |
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Belostoma Giant Water bug - provides care for offspring: male carries eggs on its back - carnivorous |
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EPIPHYTES |
aerial plants -used by anurans (frogs) that are terrestrial/where there is little water |
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Bromeliad - an epiphyte |
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Flectonotus Pygmaeus Pygmy Marsupial frog - tadpoles are in the pouch in the frog's back |
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Pipa pipa Surinam Toad -froglets emerging from the pits on her skin |
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Dendrobates bicolor Poison arrow frog - tadpole on the back of the male |
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Rhinoderma darwinii - male w/ vocal sac for breeding young - native to forest streams of Chile and Argentina |
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INTERNAL FERTILIZATION |
sperm is deposited in or near the female reproductive tract - fertilization occurs in female reproductive tract |
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Nereis clamworm P. Annelida, C.Polychaeta - does not have gonads, but gametes come from undifferentiated tissue - w/ parapodia - oocytes free in the coelom |
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CLOACA |
common opening of digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems to external environment - common in nonmammalian vertebrates |
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Vaginal plug - in rodents - to decrease the changes of mating w/ another male |
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Baker & Bellis Study if together, male produces less sperm 29.7 M sperm |
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if apart, male produces more sperm 51.6 M sperm |
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CRYPTORCHIDISM |
undescended testicle - sperm cannot be made at room temp. so testes descend to the scrotum where the temp is around 34 degrees |
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MALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA |
- penis - scrotum |
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MALE INTERNAL GENITALIA |
1. gonads (testes) 2. accessory sex glands |
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MALE ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS |
SPB: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands - all create secretions that combine w/ sperm to make semen |
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Seminal Vesicles - fructose and prostaglandins - contribute abt 60% of the volume of semen - fructose: provides most of the sperm's energy |
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Prostate Gland - anticoagulant enzymes and citrate |
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Bulbourethral glands - clear mucus that neutralizes any acidic urine remaining the urethra |
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Seminiferous tubule - cross section - w/ seminiferous epithelium |
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SEM of seminiferous tubule |
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SEM of seminiferous tubule of rat |
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SERTOLI CELLS 1. nurture/nourish developing sperm cells by secreting hormones 2. establish and maintain stem cell niche and ensure renewal of sperm cell 3. secrete inhibin |
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(pointed) LEYDIG CELLS or interstitial cells |
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seen here: leydig cells, sertoli cell, and capillaries |
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Lactobacillus acidophilus - 3.8 -4.2 pH in vagina |
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Lactobacillus acidophilus - protective biofilm small red: yeast elongated y-orange: pathogenic bacteria vaginal mucosa (layer of cells) |
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lumen of oviduct - has cilia |
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primary oocytes birth until before puberty |
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Primary oocyte & follicle cells = FOLLICLE |
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secondary oocyte & follicle cells |
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seen: - 1st polar body - cleavage furrow - spindle - 2ndary oocyte |
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outline: corpus luteum in between: theca lutein |
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Corpus luteum of pregnant lady |
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Endometriosis |
swelling of cells in response to hormonal stimulation |
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Theropithecus gelada Gelada Baboon L: female R: male |
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Hamadryas baboon |
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black crested macaques in estrus |
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Bonobo |
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Chelonoidis Giant tortoises -mating in Volcan Alcedo, Galapagos |
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Sperm capacitation |
1. bath of glucose 2. spray of proteins - in the uterus |
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hCG |
human chorionic gonadotropin - testing hCG in urine in pregnancy tests |
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Contraception |
deliberate prevention of pregnancy |
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Fertility control |
to disrupt reproductive behavior and affect gamete survival |
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Diaphragm -physical intervention |
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Douching - alters vagina's environment 31% |
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Morning pill |
estrogen- progestin - prevents ovulation |
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Minipill |
progestin only - thickens cervical mucus |
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Tubal litigation - banding/cauterizing/tying & cutting oviducts |
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Conventional vasectomy |
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Non-scalpel vasectomy (NSV) - dissecting forceps -ringed clamp |
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Implantation control |
interference w/ blastocyt's ability to be lodged in uterine wall |
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Intrauterine device (IUD) -copper/ LNg IUD <1% |
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MAP: morning after pills -taken w/in 72 hrs - thickening or cervical mucus & prevent implantation eg. POSTINOR |
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main ingredient of MAP |
synthetic estrogen - delays/prevents ovulation - interrupts devt of hormones |
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Abortion |
prevention of embryonic development after implantation by suction |
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abortion by surgical instrument - speculum - cannula - tenaculum |
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ICSI - intracytoplasmic sperm injection; head of sperm injected into oocyte |
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IVF - in vitro fertilization |
8-cell stage embryo implanted into uterus |
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ZIFT - zygote intrafallopian transfer |
zygote placed in oviduct |
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GIFT - gamete intrafallopian transfer |
sperm and oocyte placed in oviduct |
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surrogate motherhood |
cottage industry, homosexual couples |
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detecting disorders during pregnancy |
>amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (less invasive)>ultrasound imaging (non invasive) >Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (before pregnancy) $3,500 |
