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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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spleen |
where RBCs are manufactured |
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hemocystoblasts |
blood-forming cells; found in spleen and other blood-forming sites (fish: no bone marrows due to solidity of its bones) |
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other hemopoietic organs: hagfishes |
mesodermal envelope surrounding gut |
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other hemopoietic organs: elasmobranchs |
leydig organ (in esophagus), epigonal organ (around gonads), spleen |
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other hemopoietic organs: teleosts |
kidneys, spleen |
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blood components |
erythrocytes (RBC), leucocytes (WBC), several small plasma (increase surface area for active fishes) |
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hematocrit |
volume percentage (%) of red blood cells in blood; would depend on no. and size of the RBCs |
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hematological adaptation |
high activity: high blood capacity high amt. of respiratory pigment high hematocrit |
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Hemoglobin |
Transports oxygen; quarternary structure; complex of peptide and heme; ferrous ion @middle |
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Hemoglobin: Agnathans |
monomeric (one subunit - holds 1 O atom) |
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Hemoglobin: Other fishes |
tetrameric (four subunits - hold 4 O atoms) |
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Polymorphic hemoglobin |
able to adjust affinity to oxygen to maintain function when a change in environment is sensed (migration, temperature, salinity) |
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Hemoglobin: Antarctic fishes |
Little or no hemoglobin to avoid freezing of blood; (Very low temperature of water: high dissolved oxygen, low metabolic rate; large volume of blood due to big heart*) |
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methemoglobin |
produced when ferrous ion is oxidized to ferric ion; less affinity to oxygen |
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Oxygen dissociation curve: monomeric
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due to rapid binding = sigmoidal graph |
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Oxygen dissociation curve: tetrameric |
due to several binding sites: hyperbolic |
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saturation kinetics |
there is a maximum level of saturation |
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P50 |
lvl of oxygen dissolved at 50% saturation |
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low P50 |
high affinity of oxygen to Hb |
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high P50 |
low affinity of oxygen to Hb |
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Bohr effect |
"hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity is inversely related both to acidity and to the concentration of carbon dioxide" |
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Roof effect |
acidity is inversely proportional to oxygen capacity of hemoglobin (graph shifts up/down) |
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factors that affect affinity: pH |
caused by changes in CO2 concentration |
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pH: high acidity due to high CO2 |
high P50, low affinity and capacity (graph shifts to right due to Bohr effect, down due to Roof effect) |
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factors that affect affinity: temperature |
affects metabolic rate of fish |
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temperature: high temp |
lower affinity and capacity due to high metabolic rate |
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factors that affect affinity: organic phosphates |
mainly cause by amount of ATP in bloodstream |
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Organic phosphates: high ATP |
low capacity and affinity due to high energy activities |
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Haldane effect |
deoxygenated blood has a higher capacity to transport CO2, lower capacity if oxygenated |
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(4) Fish heart chambers: sinus venosus |
thin-walled; acts as a manifold; collects blood coming from systemic circulation |
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Fish heart chambers: atrium |
collects blood from sinus venosus * |
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Fish heart chambers: ventricle |
has an outer cortex layer that is the driving force of blood transportation |
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Fish heart chambers: bulbous (conus in sharks) arteriosus |
elastic chamber to reduce blood pressure before the blood enters circulation of capillaries/respiratory organ |
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capillaries |
where aeration takes place (near gill filaments) |
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dorsal aorta |
takes aerated blood from capillaries |
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caudal vein |
branches out into a portal system |
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renal portal vein |
supply kidneys |
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posterior cardinal vein |
drains filtered blood from kidneys |
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anterior cardinal vein |
supplies head area |
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hepatic portal system |
supplies liver |
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hepatic veins |
drain blood from liver |
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cardiac flow: air-breathing fishes |
preferential blood flow to first 2 gill arches, eventually to air breathing organ for aeration of blood. deterioration of last gill arch occurs |
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cardiac flow: lungfish |
has distinct pulmonary circuit; presence of bypass structure to aerate blood in lungs |
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bypass structure |
highly innervated to relax/contract: when immersed in water, contracts to aerate blood in gills |
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myogenic |
able to contract simultaneously; how arteries and arterioles react to an increase or decrease of blood pressure to keep the blood flow within the blood vessel constant |
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systole |
contraction/emptying of heart |
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diastole |
relaxation/filling of heart |
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Starlings Law |
high filling volume, high contraction force, high cardiac stroke volume (Qsv) |
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control of cardiac contraction: aneural |
(by Qsv, temperature, hormones) no need for external nervous system to initiate contraction example: blood perfusion @ gills |
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control of cardiac contraction: neural |
(by CN10 or Vagus nerve); chronotropic |
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neural: bradycardia |
decrease in heart rate |
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neural: tachycardia |
increase in heart rate |
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caudal "heart" |
expansion of major blood vessel @ tail end; blood pressure is low; gets compressed during contraction from lateral flexion, sending blood back to branchial heart |
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maintaining neural buoyancy: incorporation of light materials |
(ex. lipids, fats, oils) disadvantage: difficult to compress oil so can't go to deeper water, and oil can be used up |
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incorporation of light materials: high density |
triglycerides |
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maintaining neural buoyancy: reduction of heavy bone structures |
muscles contain high water content - water muscle tissue - isoosmotic with surrounding water disadv (?): less abundance of minerals in deep water |
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maintaining neural buoyancy: use of appendages/ fin modifications |
angled pectoral fins disadv: must be continuously moving so high energy consumption |
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development swim bladder |
employed to maintain buoyancy why cancelling most disadvantages; evagination of digestive tract |
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physostomous |
presence of pneumatic duct: connection to digestive tract; may be maintained |
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physoclistous |
pneumatic duct is cut off during initial inflation |
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physostomous inflation |
air is gulped |
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physostomous deflation |
relaxation of sphincter muscle |
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Boyle's Law |
gas volume is inversely proportional to absolute pressure where temperature is constant |
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physoclistous inflation |
gas gland, makes use of rete mirabile |
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physoclistous deflation |
oval gland guarded by a sphincter |
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purine guanine crystals |
make gas bladder airtight |
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Inflation using gas gland |
cells of gas gland lining are capable of anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) which produces lactic acids and H+. CO2 from venous blood diffuses to arterial blood so oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin (very rapid especially near wall with lactic acids and H+) solubility of dissociated oxygen declines due to high ionic concentration of blood (salting out) so oxygen stays as gas, goes to swim bladder, inflating it!! acid is washed away by rete mirabile. |
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barotrauma |
injury by sudden change in air pressure; causes protrusion of the stomach from the fish's mouth |
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exophthalmia |
injury of eye by sudden change in air pressure |
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SA:volume |
lower in larger fishes to lessen the dissipation by water (high thermal specific heat) of heat produced by fish |
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heat sink in large fishes |
gills due to high surface area |
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heterothermy |
different core temperature from outside temperature |
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heater/thermogenic cells |
found @ eye muscles of marlins and swordfishes. lack sarcomeres and myofilaments; high abundance of mitochondria and cytoplasmic reticulum; high visual activity |
