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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Parthenogensis
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(Asexual Reproduction) in which an egg develops without being fertilized. occurs in certain species of bees, wasps, and ants.
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Fission
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(Asexual Reproduction) the separation of a parent organism into two individuals of approximately equal size.
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Budding
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(invertebrates) new individuals arise from outgrowths of exiting ones. example: stony corals
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Fragmentation/Regeneration
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the breaking of the body into several pieces/ the regrowth of lost body parts
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Oxytocin
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From fetus and mother's poseterior pituitary. stimulates uterus to contract, stimulates placenta to make protaglandins which stimulates more contractions
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Estradiol
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from ovaries, activates oxytocin receptors on uterus
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Gas Exchange: Ventilation process is..
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Movement of the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface. Maintains the partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 across the gill that are necessary for gas exchange.
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Which of the following characteristics is shared by all gas exchange systems?
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The gas exchange surface is moist
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How does oxygen enter the stems and roots of woody plants from the surrounding environment?
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The lenticels in cork tissue (bark)
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Which organ(s) permits efficient gas exchange between multi-cellular animals with a relatively large body volume and their surroundings?
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Gills and lungs
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) enters leaves by diffusing through stomata. Once inside the leaf, how is CO2 distributed effectively throughout the entire leaf?
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Gases diffuse through the empty spaces that exist in leaves
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The types of gas exchange organs observed in animals exhibit similar mechanisms that facilitate gas diffusion across a moist membrane. What are these mechanisms?
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Perfusion moves fluid over the inner surface of gas exchange organs, while some type of ventilation movees air or water over the environmental surface of gas exchange organs
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Plants tightly regulate the exchange of gases between their leaves and the surrounding environment. Which factor normally would cause stomata to open?
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Light in the surrounding environment
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Our innate immune system includes all the external and internal mechanisms that provide general resistance against a broad range of pathogens. All of the following are components of the innate immune system except for?
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The B & T - cells (lymphocytes) of the acquired (adaptive) immune system that respond to a specific antigen
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We potentially are exposed to parasites and pathogens every time we eat and drink. Which of the following reduce the probability of parasitism or parthogenesis in the digestive tract?
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-The immune system is present in the digestive tract
-the stomach has a low pH and a protease that can attack proteins -the digestive tract is lined by a mucous membrane with anti-microbial properties -the small intestine has a range of digestive enzymes that also can attack foreign invaders |
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The complement system..
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The complement proteins are one group of anti-microbial proteins that can lyze (burst) invading cells by forming the membrane attack complex, enhance the ability of phagocytes to engulf and consume pathogens, and facilitate the inflammatory response.
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Which specific event is necessary for all the other events of the inflammatory response to occur?
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The release of histamine
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Histamine..
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is stored in the granules (vesicles) of mast cells, found in connective tissue. Histamine released at sites of damage triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable.
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Our immune system is sufficiently versatile to eliminate foreign invaders in the circulatory system and to neutralize threats that exist within out cells. How does the innate immune system neutralize threats within our cells?
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Natural killer cells are specialized white blood cells that eliminate cancerous cells or cells infected with viruses by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in these compromised cells.
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What are antigens?
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Foreign molecules that elicit a response from lymphocytes and trigger the generation of antibodies by B-cells
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Which of the following is not a part of an antibody molecule?
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the epitope
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What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?
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It enables the rapid reproduction of offspring when environmental conditions are favorable
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what is an advantage of sexual reproduction?
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the diverse genotypes generated through sexual reproduction generally enable populations to adapt to changing environments
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What is an advantage of internal fertilization compared to external fertilization?
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The smaller number of offspring produced in animals with internal fertilization receive a greater amount of parental protection and nurturing
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What could be the major benefit of sexual reproduction and what could be its greatest liability?
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It results in genetically diverse population, while it promotes pathogen transmission
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Cohesion
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Hydrogen bonding among H2O molecules
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Adhesion
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H20 binds to the hydrophilic inner walls of transport cells
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Tension
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Transpiration "pulls" the xylem sap upwards
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what allows lymph to move through the lymphatic system?
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Skeletal muscle contraction & inhalation
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What is the epitope?
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(antigenic determinants) the small part of an antigen to which an antibody, B-cell receptor, or T-cell receptor binds
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Lymphocytes perform what?
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the detection and elimination duties
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Activated complement system stimulates what?
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inflammation
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Macrophage releases?
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cytokines
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Mast cell releases?
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histamine
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Exocrine Glands..
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use ducts (tubes) to secrete chemicals outside the body or into the digestive tract
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gas exchange in mammals occur where?
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Alveoli: air sacs clustered at the tips of the tiniest branchioles
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Ned diffusion of carbon dioxide occurs in the opposite direction...
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from the capillaries across the epithelium of the alveolus and into the air space.
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Like fishes, terrestrial vertebrates rely on ____ to maintain high 02 and low CO2 concentrations at the gas exchange surface.
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ventilation
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The process that ventilates lungs is..
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breathing
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Transportation in Plants: What transports water and minerals from roots to shoots?
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xylem
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Transportation in Plants: what transports products of photosynthesis from where they are made or stored to where they are needed?
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phloem
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The 4 rings of modified leaves (sporophylls) called floral organs are?
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Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
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what is at the base of the flower? usually green and enclose the flower before it opens?
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sepals
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Interior to the sepals are the? brightly colored, aids in attracting pollinators.
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Petals
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clogged arteries and veins lead too..
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Heart attack
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In order for all systems of the body to perform effectively they must be linked to the..
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circulatory system
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circulatory system delivers what to target cells?
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hormones
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What are the three components of circulatory fluid?
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blood, veins and arteries, and the heart (propel fluid through tubes)
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What system delivers blood under high pressure from the heart to the capillaries in our tissues?
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Artery
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what system delivers blood under low pressure from the capillaries within out tissue to the heart?
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venous system
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why is the interior lining of our blood vessels so smooth?
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reduce friction and resistance to blood flow
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what factors propel the blood in the veins to the heart
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smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and breathing
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which structure prevents the back flow of blood in veins?
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valves
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name the fantastic 4 that ALWAYS receive blood?
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the brain, heart, kidneys and liver
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what parts of the circulatory system re-distributed blood flow?
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precapillary sphinckters
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Where is blood flow intentionally increased during
Digestion? Exercise? inflammation? |
Digestion-intestine
Exercise-muscles Inflammation-to area infected |
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what do tumors use to get veins and capillaries to the site of the tumors?
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Angiogenesis
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