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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Disease |
Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis |
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Prognosis |
Probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes. |
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Atrophy |
DECREASE in size of cells Results in a reduced tissue mass Natural aging process Common causes include reduced use of the tissue, insufficient nutrition, decreased neurologic or hormonal stimulation Example: Shrinkage of skeletal muscle when a limb is immobilized in a cast for several weeks. |
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Hypertrophy |
INCREASE in cell size Resulting in an enlarged tissue mass Example: -Enlarged heart muscle from increased demands -Common ex: Consistent exercise on skeletal muscle leading to enlarged muscle mass |
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Hypertrophy |
Increase in cell size which may be a result of additional work by the tissue |
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Hyperplasia |
Increased NUMBER of cells Results in an enlarged tissue mass Can be good or bad Example: Calluses |
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Metaplasia |
Occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a DIFFERENT mature cell type Example: In the respiratory tracts of cigarette smokers, stratified squamous epithelium replaces ciliated columnar epithelium. |
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Dysplasia |
Tissue in which the cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present, and the rate of mitosis increased. |
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Dysplasia |
Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue Unorganized, with varying levels of maturity Precursor for neoplasia |
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Anaplasia |
Cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures Example: Finding stem cells somewhere you wouldn't expect to find them |
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Anaplasia |
Characteristic of cancer and the basis for grading aggressiveness of a tumor |
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Neoplasia |
"New growth" Commonly called a tumor |
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Apoptosis |
Programmed cell death |
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Apoptosis |
Cells self destruct, appearing to digest themselves enzymatically, and then disintegrate into fragments. |
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Ischemia |
Deficit of oxygen in the CELLS Decrease supply of oxygenated blood to the tissue or organ due to circulatory obstruction Many disease processes have roots here |
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Hypoxia |
Reduced oxygen in the TISSUES Example: Bluing of the lips, cold extremeties |
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Physical cell damage |
Excessive heat or cold Radiation |
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Mechanical cell damage |
Pressure or tearing of the tissue |
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Chemical toxins--cause cellular damage |
Exogenous: From environment Chlorine gas Botox Endogenous: From inside the body |
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Necrosis |
Cellular death |
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Liquefaction Necrosis |
Dead cells liquefy because of release of certain cell enzymes Example: -When brain tissue dies -In certain bacterial infections in which a cavity or ulcer develops in an infected area Massive apoptosis can cause this |
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Coagulative necrosis |
Cell proteins are altered or denatured--think of eggs cooking--they coagulate This typically happens in a myocardial infarction (heart attack) when a lack of oxygen causes cell death. |
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Fat Necrosis |
Fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes--these compounds may increase inflammation |
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Caseous Necrosis |
-Form of coagulation necrosis -Thick, yellowish, cheezy substance forms Seen with TB cases |
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Infarction |
Area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation |
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Gangrene |
Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria |
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Specific Defenses/Immunity |
-Third line of defense -Cell mediated immune response -Provides protection by stimulating the production of unique antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes following exposure to specific substances |
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Inflammation |
Normal defense mechanism in the body intended to localize and remove an injurious agent. |
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Inflammation |
The general warning signs of this serve as a warning of a problem, which may be hidden within the body |
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Cell mediated immunity |
Specific (third line) defenses |
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Inflammation |
The body's nonspecific response to tissue injury, resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, and pain--possible loss of function. Disorders are named using the ending -itis for inflammation |
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Inflammation |
____ is not the same as infection, though infection can cause ____. |
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Bradykinin |
Activates pain receptors |
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Mast cells |
In inflammation process, the sensation of pain stimulates these and basophils to release histamine. |
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Basophils |
In the inflammation process, the sensation of pain stimulates these and mast cells to release histamine. |
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Bradykinin and Histamine |
___and___ cause capillary dilation (in the immune process) which results in an increase of blood flow and increased capillary permeability. |
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Neutrophils and Monocytes |
In the inflammitory process, a break in skin allows bacteria to enter the tissue. This results in the migration of ____ and ____ to the site of injury N phagocytize bacteria Macrophages leave the bloodstream and phagocytose microbes |
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Neutrophils |
The job of these cells in the inflammatory process is to phagocytize bacteria |
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True |
The inflammatory process is basically the same regardless of the cause, T or F? |
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Mast cell granules |
Source of histamine |
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Histamine |
The major action of this chemical mediator is immediate vasodilation and increased capillary permeability to for exudate |
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Mast cell granules |
The source of chemotactic factors |
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Chemotactic factors |
These might attract neutrophils to site |
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Cell membranes of platelets |
Source of platelet-activating factor (APF) |
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Platelet-activating factor (PAF) |
Major action in the inflammatory response is to activate neutrophils and platelet aggregation |
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T lymphocytes, Macrophages |
The source of cytokines (interleukines, lymphokines) |
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Cytokines (interleukins, lymphokines) |
Major action of these in the inflammatory process is to increase plasma proteins, ESR Induce fever, chemotaxis, leukocytosis |
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Leukotrines |
Source from the synthesis from archidonic acid in mast cells |
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Leukotrines (major action) |
Major action in the inflammatory process is later response: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis |
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Prostaglandins (PGs) Source |
Sources from the synthesis of arachidonic acid in mast cells |
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Prostaglandins (PGs) Major Action |
Major action in the inflammatory response is vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, pain, fever, potentiate histamine effect |
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Kinins Major Action |
The major action of this in the inflammatory response is vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, pain, and chemotaxis |
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Complement system--major action |
Major action: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability chemotaxis increased histamine release |
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Chemical mediators |
When tissue injury occors, the damaged mast cells and platelets release chemical mediators including: -histamine -serotonin -prostaglandins -interleukins into interstitial fluid and blood. |
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Cytokines |
Serve as communicators in the tissue fluids, sending messages to lymphocutes and macrophages, the immune system, or the hypothalamus to induce fever. |
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First line of defense |
NONSPECIFIC -Mechanical barriers, like (unbroken) skin and mucous membranes, which block entry of bacteria or harmful substances into the tissues. -Secretions such as tears and gastric juices |
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Second line of defense |
NONSPECIFIC processes of phagocytosis and inflammation |
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Phagocytosis |
Process by which neutrophils and macrophages randomly engulf and destroy bacteria, cell debris, and foreign matter. Part of the second line of defense |
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Inflammation |
Involves a sequence of events intended to limit the effects of injury or a dangerous agent in the body Part of the second line of defense |
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Interferons |
These are nonspecific agents that protect uninfected cells against viruses. |
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Neutrophil (Function in inflammation) |
Their function in inflammatory response is the phagocytosis of microorganisms |
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Basophils |
In the inflammatory response, these release histamine, leading to inflammation |
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Eosinophils |
In the inflammatory response these' numbers are increased in allergic responses |
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T lymphocytes |
These are active in cell mediated immune response |
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B lymphocytes |
Produce antibodies--in the inflammatory response |
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Monocytes |
Phagocytosis is their action in the inflammatory response |
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Macrophages |
Active in phagocytosis. These are mature monocytes that have migrated into tissues from the blood. |
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Etiology |
Concerns the causative factors in a particular disease. There may be one or several causative factors. These agents include congenital defects, inherited or genetic disorders, microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria, immunologic disfunction, metabolic derangements, degenerative changes, malignancy, burns and other trauma, environmental factors, and nutritional deficiencies. |
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Idiopathic |
When the cause of a disease is unknown, it is termed ____. |
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Iatrogenic |
In some cases, a treatment or procedure or error is the cause of a disease, which is then described as ___. |
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Predisposing factors |
____ Encompass the tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual. This can indicate a high risk for the disease, but not certain development. |
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Manifestations of disease |
These are the clinical evidence or effects, the signs and symptoms, of disease. These___, such as redness and swelling, may be local or systemic. |
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Local manifestation |
Found at the site of the problem |
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Systemic manifestation |
General indicators of illness, such as fever. |
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Signs |
Objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected individual. Examples: Fever or skin rash |
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Symptom |
Subjective feelings, such as pain or nausea |
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Signs of infection |
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain. |
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Signs of infection: Redness and Warmth |
Caused by increased blood flow to damaged area. |
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Signs of infection: Swelling or Edema |
Caused by the shift of protein and fluid to tje interstitial space. |
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Signs of infection: Pain |
Results from the increased pressure of fluid on the nerves, especially in enclosed areas, and by the local irritation of nerves by chemical mediators such as bradykinins. |
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Exudate |
Refers to a collection of interstitial fluid formed in the inflamed area. The characteristics of ___ vary with the cause of the trauma. |
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Serous Exudate |
Watery exudate consisting primarily of fluid with small amounts of protein and white blood cells. Common examples of serous exudates occur with allergic reactions and burns. |
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Fibrinous exudate |
Thick and sticky exudate which have high cell and fibrin content. This type of exudate increases the resk of scar tissue in the area. |
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Purulent Exudate |
Thick, yellow-green exudate containing more leukocytes and cell debris as well as microorganisms. This type typically indicates bacterial infection, and the exudate is often referred to as pus. |
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Abscess |
A localized pocket of purulent exudate or pus in a solid tissue Ex: around the tooth or in the brain. |
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Hyperemia |
Increased blood flow in the area |
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Pyrexia |
Fever |
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Pyrogens |
Fever producing substances |
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First degree burn |
Superficial-partial thickness burn |
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Superficial partial thickness burn |
First degree burn, involves epidermis and part of dermis Little, if any, blister formation |
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Second degree burn |
Deep Partial-thickness burn Epidermis and part of dermis Blister formation |
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Deep partial-thickness burn |
Second degree burn |
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Third and fourth degree burns |
Full Thickness burns |
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Third and fourth degree burns |
Full thickness burns Destruction of all skin layers and often underlying tissues |
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Virus Structure |
Consists of a protein coat or capsid, and a core of EITHER DNA or RNA Has no cell wall Protein coat comes in many shapes and sizes Some of these have an additional outer protective envelope. |
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How viruses replicate |
Virus attaches to host cell-->its genetic material enters the cell-->viral DNA or RNA takes control of cell-->Uses hosts cell to synthesize viral proteins and nucleic acids-->new viruses assembled in cytoplasm of host cell-->new viruses released by lysis of host cell or by budding from host cell membrane--usually destructs host cell, new viruses go on to infect nearby cells. |
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Candida |
Usually harmless, but opportunistic fungal disease Causative agent of thrush and vaginitis |
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Pneumocystis jirovecii |
Opportunistic organism causing pneumonia Has some characteristics of fungi and some of protozoa |
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Opportunistic Infection |
Certain microbes that are not pathogenic under normal circumstances may cause disease if they are transferred to another location in the body, or if the balance among the species is not maintained (one variety becomes dominant) or if the body's defenses are impaired. These infections are termed: |
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Resident Flora |
Usually helpful in preventing other organisms from establishing a colony. |
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Normal Flora Locations |
Skin Nose, Pharynx Mouth Colon, Rectum Vagina Distal urethra and perineum |
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Normal flora |
Many areas of the body have a resident population of mixed microorganisms, primarily bacteria. Different sites host different species. |
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Microbes found in the upper respiratory tract |
Streptococci, Haemophilus, Staphylococci |
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Microbes found on the skin |
Staphylococcus Candida |
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Carrier |
A person may never develop a disease, but still is a ___ A person with subclinical signs of the disease |
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Pathogenicity |
Capacity of microbes to cause disease |
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Virulence |
Degree of pathogenicity of a specific microbe based on: -Invasive qualities -Toxic qualities -Adherence to tissue -Ability to avoid host defenses |
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Interferons |
Proteins produced by human host cells in response to viral invasion of the cell. These influence the activity of nearby host cells, increasing their resistance to viral invasion and interfering with viral replication. |
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Local signs of inflammation |
Pain, Swelling, Redness, Warmth |
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Bacterial infection |
Inflammation and purulent exudate |
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Viral infection |
Inflammation and serous, clear exudate |
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Signs/Symptoms of infection Systemic signs of inflammation |
Fever may be present Fatigue and weakness Headache Nausea |
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Fungal or mycotic infection |
Fungi from single celled yeast or multicellular molds |
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T Lymphocytes |
Responsible for cell mediated immunity Primarily effective against virus infected cells, fungal and protozoal infections, cancer cells, and foreign cells (like organ transplants) Command and manage cells to go attack |
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T Lymphocytes |
WBC Cell mediated immunity |
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B Lymphocytes |
Humoral mediated immunity Activated cell becomes an antibody producing plasma cell, or a B memory cell. |
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B Lymphocytes |
Responsible for production of antibodies or immunoglobulins |
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B lymphocytes |
Responsible for humoral immunity--blood, lymph |
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B lymphocytes |
Mature in bone marrow Proceed to spleen and lymphoid tissue |
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Plasma cells |
These cells produce antibodies |
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B Memory cells |
Can quickly form clone of plasma cells Produce more plasma cells when exposed to foreign agent again |
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B Lymphocytes |
Act primarily against bacteria and viruses that are outside body cells |
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Humoral immunity |
Antibodies are produced to protect the body |
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Cell mediated immunity |
Lymphocytes are programmed to attack non-self cells to protect the body |
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IgG |
-Most common Ig in blood -Produced in primary and secondary immune re-sponses -Activates complement -Crosses placenta and creates passive immunity in newborn -Includes antibacterial, antiviral, and antitoxin antibodies -Monomer |
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IgM |
-FIRST to increase in immune response -Activates complement -Involved in blood ABO type incompatability -Bound to B cells in circulation -Forms natural antibodies -Pentamer |
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IgA |
Found in secretions such as tears and saliva, in mucous membranes, and in colostrum (first breast milk)to provide protection for newborn child (passive immunity) -Monomer, dimer |
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IgE |
-Allergic response and parasites -Results in inflammation -Binds to mast cells in skin and mucous membranes; when linked to an allergen, causes release of histamine -Alot of this in blood signifies body trying to protect itself -Monomer |
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IgD |
Attached to B cells Activates B cells Encourages or mobilizes humoral immunity Monomer |
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IgG or IgM |
Immunoglobulins that activate complement |
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Complement system |
Frequently activated during an immune reaction with IgG or IgM class Igs Involves a group of inactive proteins (c1-c9) circulating in the blood Causes cell damage and further inflammation when activated |
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Natural immunity |
Species specific immunity |
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Innate immunity |
Gene specific immunity Related to ethnicity |
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Primary immune response |
First exposure to antigen During exposure antigen is recognized and processed, subsequent development of antibodies or sensitized T cells is initiated 1-2 weeks before antibody titer reaches efficacy |
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Secondary immune response |
Results when a repeat exposure to the same antigen occurs Response is more rapid and results in higher antibody levels than prior response--even years later, efficacy within 1-3 days |
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Memory cells |
When the immune system recognizes a specific non-self antigen as foreign, it develops a specific response to that particular antigen and stores said response in these for future reference |
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Memory cells |
Remember antigen and quickly stimulate immune response on reexposure |
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Natural active immunity |
-Pathogens enter body and cause illness -Antibodies form in host -Unintended, accidental -Natural exposure to antigen -Development of your own antibodies, from your B cells |
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Artificial Active Immunity |
Vaccine injected, no illness results, but antibodies form Stimulation of antibody production |
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Passive Natural Immunity |
Antibodies passed directly from mother to child to provide temporary protection -You have antibodies you didnt make, somehow someone gave you antibodies -Placental passage during pregnancy (IgG) or ingestion of breast milk |
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Passive Artificial Immunity |
Injection of antibodies to provide temporary protection or minimize severity of infection |
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Type I Hypersensitivity |
-Allergic reactions -Common, caused by allergen -ALL ACTIVATED BY IgE --Skin rashes, hives, hayfever, anaphylaxis |
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Type I Hypersensitivity |
Allergic reactions -Hay fever:allergic rhinitis -Food allergies -Atopic dermatitis/eczema -Asthma |
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Anaphylaxis |
Severe, life threatening, systemic hypersensetivity reaction resulting in decreased blood pressure, airway obstruction, and severe hypoxia -decreased blood pressure caused by histamine in combination with general or systemic vasodilation |
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Type II Hypersensitivity |
Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity |
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Type II Hypersensitivity |
Antigen is present on cell membrane -Circulating IgGs react with antigen Incompatible blood transfusion |
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Type III Hypersensitivity |
Immune complex hypersensitivity |
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Type III Hypersensitivity |
Antigen combines with antibody -Forms immune complexes, activates complement -Process causes inflammation and tissue destruction Ex: Glomerulonephritis; immune mediated rheumatoid arthritis; autoimmune condition attackin joints |
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Type IV Hypersensitivity |
Cell-mediated, or delayed hypersensitivity |
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Type IV Hypersensitivity |
Delayed response by sensitized T lymphocytes -Release of lymphokines -Inflammatory response and destruction of antigen Ex: tuberculin test, contact dermititis, allergic skin rash(chemical or poison ivy even) |
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Autoimmune disorder |
This occers when the immune system cannot distinguish between self and non-self antigens. Exact cause unknown. Can effect single organs or tissues, or can be generalized. |
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Autoimmune diseases |
Hashimoto thyroiditis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Rheumatic fever Myasthenia gravis Scleroderma Pernicious Anemia Grave's disease |
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Autoantibodies |
Antibodies formed against self antigens. |
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) |
-Chronic inflammatory disease -Affects a number of organ systems -Usually a diagnosis of exclusion |
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SLE |
Large number of circulating antibodies Formation of immune complexes deposited into tissues Inflammation and necrosis Vasculitis develops in many organs |
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HIV |
Destroys helper T Lymphocytes-CD4 lymphocytes |
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HIV |
A retrovirus which contains RNA Member of the family Lentivirus, named because infection develops slowly |
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Vaccine |
Solution containing dead or weakened (attenuated) organisms that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies, but does not result in the disease itself. |
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Mutation |
If DNA in parent cells is altered and passed on, offspring cells will carry the ___. |
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Suffix -oma |
Indicates a benign tumor |
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Carcinoma |
Malignant epithelial tissue cancers or tumors have the tissue name plus the suffix___. |
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Sarcoma |
Malignant connective tissue cancers or tumors have the tissue name plus the suffix ____. |
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Benign tumors |
Usually differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher rate than normal -often encapsulated and expands but does not spread -Usually freely movable on palpation -tissue damage: as a result of compression of adjacent structures, and can be life threatening in the brain. |
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Metastasis |
Means spread to distant sites by blood or lymphatic channels. |
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Carcinogenesis |
Process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells |
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Remission |
No clinical signs of cancer -Patient may experience many of these |
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Malignant melanoma |
Most types of skin cancers are visible, easily diagnosed and treated, and develop slowly, meaning most have an excellent prognosis except for ____ |
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Basal cell carninoma |
Most common form of skin cancer Tumor appears as a pearly papule and develops a central ulceration Lesion remains and grows slowly, is slowly invasive into subcutaneous tissues |
