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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the nervous system
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Sensory input
Interpretation of sensory input and Motor output or response to stimuli |
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Central nervous system (CNS) contains
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The brains and the spinal cord
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Actions of the Central nervous system (CNS)
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Integration and command center
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) contains
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Paired spinal and cranial nerves
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The function of the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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Carries messages to and from the spinal cord and brain
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Sensory (afferent) division
is comprised of |
Somatic Sensory Fibers and Visceral Fibers
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Somatic sensory fibers
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carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, & joints to the brain
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Visceral fibers
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transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain
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Motor (efferent) division is comprised of
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Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system
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Autonomic nervous system
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Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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Somatic nervous system
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Conscious control of skeletal muscles
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What are the two principle cell types of the nervous system?
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Neurons and supporting cells
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Neurons are?
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excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
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Supporting cells are?
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cells that surround and wrap neurons
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The cell body is called
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Soma
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Axon
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Generates and transmits action potentials and secretes neurotransmitters from its terminals
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Whats fibers form the nerve
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The Axon
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Dendrites
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the receptive or input regions of the neuron
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The stuctural unit of the nervous system is composed of
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a body, axon, and dendrites
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Myelin Sheath
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Whitish segmented sheath around most long axons
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What are the functions of the Myelin Sheath?
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Protection of the axon
Increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmission |
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Depolarization
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the inside of the membrane becomes less negative (more positive)
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Action potentials are only generated by
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muscle cells and neurons
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An action potential down axons of neurons is called
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a nerve impulse
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Repolarization
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the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential
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Hyperpolarization
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the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential
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Presynaptic neuron
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conducts impulses toward the synapse
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Postsynaptic neuron
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transmits impulses away from the synapse
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Nerve impulse reaches ___ ___ of the presynaptic neuron
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axonal terminal
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Neurotransmitter is released and binds to receptors on the
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postsynaptic neuron
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Postsynaptic membrane permeability changes, causing
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change in membrane potential
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Neurotransmitter classifications:
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Excitatory, Inhibitory, and both
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What is an excitatory neurotransmitter?
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causes depolarization
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What is an Inhibitory neurotransmitter?
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causes hyperpolarizations
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The type of neurotransmitter effect is determined by
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the receptor type of the postsynaptic neuron
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Central Nervous System White Matter contains
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dense collections of myelinated fibers
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Central Nervous System Grey Matter contains
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mostly soma and unmyelinated fibers
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What are the ventricals of the brain
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The paired C-shaped lateral ventricles
The third ventricle The fourth ventricle |
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What are the five cerebral hemispheres?
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Frontal, Parietal,Temporal, Occipital, Insula
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What divides the brain into hemispheres?
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Deep grooves (fissure/sulcus)
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What are the three functions of the cerebral cortex?
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Motor, Sensory, and Association
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The Cortex is made of
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Superficial Grey Matter
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Where is the Primary Motor Cortex located?
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Precentral Gyrus
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What does the Primary Motor Cortex control?
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Allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements
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Where is the Primary Somatosensory Cortex located?
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Located in the postcentral gyrus
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What bug?: Urease-positive gram-negative bacteria
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Proteus, H. Pylori, Klebsiella
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Where is the Primary visual cortex
located? |
Located on the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe
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What does the Primary visual cortex
control? |
Receives visual information from the retinas
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Where is the Primary auditory cortex
located? |
Located at the superior margin of the temporal lobe
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What does the Primary auditory cortex
control? |
Receives information related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness
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The Spinal Cord is protected by?
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The bone, meninges, and CSF
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Which is the Frontal Lobe? (1, 2, 3, 4, or 5)
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1
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Where is the Occipital Lobe Located(1, 2, 3, 4, or 5)?
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3
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Where is the Temporal Lobe located (1, 2, 3, 4, or 5)?
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5
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Where is the Parietal Lobe located (1, 2, 3, 4, or 5)?
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2
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What functions take place in the Frontal Lobe?
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Conscious intellect (Prefrontal Cortex)
language, interpretation, and visceral association |
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What functions take place in the Occipital Lobe?
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Visual association received from the retinas (Visual Cortex)
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What Functions take place in the Temporal Lobe?
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Receives information related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness (Auditory Cortex)
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What functions take place in the Parietal Lobe?
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Sensory Information from the skin and skeletal muscles (Primary Somatosensory Cortex)
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What is the function of the Corpus Collosum?
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Communication between the cerebral cortex and the lower central nervous system
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What number is the corpus callosum?
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9
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Where is the Optic Chiasm?
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12
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Where is the Optic Chiasm?
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12
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Where is the Optic Chiasm?
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12
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What is the function of the optic chiasm?
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The optic nerves meet and cross there
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What is the function of the lateral ventricles?
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a network of interconnected cavities in the brain through which cerebrospinal fluid flows
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Where is the lateral ventricle?
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10
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Where is the Olafactory Bulb?
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11
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What sense does the Olfactory Bulb provide function for?
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Smell
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Where is the optic nerve?
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3
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Where is the Pineal Body?
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6
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What is the function of the Pineal Gland?
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Secretes Melatonin
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Where is the Third Ventricle
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15
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Where is the Pituitary Gland?
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14
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Where is the Thalamus?
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13
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The thalamus is responsible for what function?
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the sorting out of impulses before it relays them to the cortex
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The Hypothalamus is also know as the
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Brain of the brain
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Where is the Cerebral Aquaduct
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17
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Where is the Pons?
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7
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Where is the Fourth Ventricle?
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18
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Where is the medulla oblongata?
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11
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Where is the Cerebellum?
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2
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What is the main function of the cerebellum?
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coordination
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Where is the gray matter?
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13
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Where is the Ventral Horn?
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10
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The Dorsal Root contains what type of nerve impulses?
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Sensory
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The Ventral Root contains what type of nerve impulses?
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Motor
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The Neurons in the Anterior half of the spinal cord are involved in?
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Motor
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The Neurons in the posterior half of the spinal cord are involved in?
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Sensory
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Where is the Dorsal Horn?
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14
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Where is the Spinal Nerve?
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4
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Where is the Dorsal root ganglion?
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3
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Where is the cervical plexus located?
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c1-c5
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Where is the Brachial Plexus located?
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c5-t1
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Where is the Lumbar Plexus located?
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L1-L4
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Where is the Sacral Plexus located?
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L4-S4
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The Spinal cord ends at?
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L1
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What is the most important nerve of the cervical plexus?
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The Phrenic Nerve
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The Cervical Plexus innervate what parts of the body?
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The neck, ear, back of the head, and shoulders
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The Brachial Plexus innervates the?
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upper limb
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The lumbar plexus innervates what parts of the body?
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The thigh and lower abdominal wall
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The major nerves of the Lumbar Plexus are?
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The femoral and obturator
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The Sacral Plexus innervates the?
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legs
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The major nerve of the sacral plexus is?
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The sciatic
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The torso is innervated by nerves t1-t12 which are located where?
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They run along the bottom of each rib
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The branches of a spinal nerve are called?
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Rami
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The dorsal ramus innervate?
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back muscles and joints
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The ventral ramus innervate?
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front and side skin and muscles
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Dura
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2
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Subarachnoid
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3
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Pia mater
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4
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Epidural
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1
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1 - Olfactory
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sense, smell
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2 - Optic
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sense, vision
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3 - Oculomotor
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motor, impulses to move the eyeball, raise eyelid, iris, and lens shape
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4 - Trochlear
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Motor, Nerve that directs the eyeball superior oblique
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5 - Trigeminal
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Motor and Sensory, muscles involved in chewing
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6 - Abducens
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Motor, lateral rectus of the eye
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7 - Facial
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Sensory and Motor, innervates most facial muscles and taste
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8 - Vestibulocochlear
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sensory, hearing and balance
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9 - Glassopharyngeal
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motor and sensory, taste and tongue movements
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10 - Vagus
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motor and sensory, smooth and cardiac muscle and taste
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10 - Vagus
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motor and sensory, smooth and cardiac muscle and taste
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11 - Accessory
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Motor, Throat and soft pallete
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12 - Hypoglossal
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Motor, muscles that move the tongue for swallowing and speach
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The Cornea and the Sclera make up the?
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Fibrous Tunic
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The Choroid, Ciliary Body, Iris, and Pupil make up the?
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Vascular Tunic
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What allows precise focusing of light onto the retina?
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The Lens
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What does the cornea do within the eye?
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lets light enter
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What does the sclera do within the eye?
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protects and anchors extrinsic muscles
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What does the choroid do within the eye?
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supplies blood
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What does the ciliary body do within the eye?
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holds the lens in place
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What does the iris do within the eye?
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regulates the amount of light entering the eye
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What is a sympathetic function of the iris?
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to dialate
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What is a parasympathetic function of the iris?
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to constrict
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In bright light or when looking close, the pupils
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contract
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In dim light or when looking far, the pupils
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dialate
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Macula Lutea is the area in the eye with
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the greatest cone concentration
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Where is the fovea centralis located?
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In the macula lutea
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Rods respond to
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Dim light and peripheral vision
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cones respond to
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bright light and high-acuity color vision
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The optic disc is where what leaves the eye?
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The optic nerve
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Ganglion cells leave the eye as
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the optic nerve
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the anterior of the eye is filled with a clear liquid that is called?
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Aqueous humor
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The posterior of the eye is filled with a clear gel called?
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Vitreous humor
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The Aqueous humor holds what function?
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Supports, nourishes, and removes waste
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What is it called when the Aqueous humor doesn't drain quickly and pressure builds up?
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Glaucoma
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What is the function of the Vitreous humor?
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Supports the retina and posterior lens as well as transmits light.
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What is another name for nearsighted?
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Myopic
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What is another name for farsighted?
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Hyperopic
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Emmetropic is?
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Normal vision
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Which is the Pinna?
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1
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Which is the Helix?
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2
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Where is the external auditory canal?
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3
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Where is the Tympanic Membrane?
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4
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What is the eardrum also known as?
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The tympanic membrane
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Where is the Malleus?
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3
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Where is the Incus?
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2
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Where is the Stapes?
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1
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Where is the Eustacian Tube?
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4
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The ear ossicles are the three small bones in the middle ear which serve which purpose?
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They transmit vibratory motion of the eardrum to the inner ear.
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Where are the semicircular Canals?
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1
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What purpose do the semicicular canals serve?
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equalibrium
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Where is the Vestibule
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2
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Where is the Cochlea?
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4
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The organ of corti is located where?
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In the Cochlea
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Where are the sensory receptors for dynamic equilibrium located?
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Vestibule
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Where is the vestibocochlear nerve?
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3
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Conduction deafness
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hampers sound conduction
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Sensorineural deafness results from
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damage to neural structures
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Conduction deafness
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hampers sound conduction
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Sensorineural deafness results from
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damage to neural structures
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