Bio 1111 Final

Front 1

Four Key Processes of Evolution

Back 1

1) Natural Selection & Sexual Selection
2) Genetic Drift
3) Mutations
4) Genetic Flow

Front 2

Sources of Genetic Variation

Back 2

1) Rapid reproduction (Higher rate of mutations)
2) Chromosomal Mutations
3) Sexual Reproduction

Front 3

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

Back 3

Equation that determines if a certain gene is evolving.
Genes have two alleles. One allele is p and the other is q. p^2 and q^2 are homozygous while 2pq is heterozygous.
When proportions does not conform to HW equation then there is non random mating AND evolution occurring.

Front 4

5 Conditions to be in HW equillibrium

Back 4

1) No Natural Selection
2) No genetic drift or random allele frequency changes
3) No gene flow
4) No mutations
5) Random mating

Front 5

Genetic Drift

Back 5

Mainly affects small populations from a chance event. Ex) Someone stepping on a group of insects which causes allele frequencies to fluctuate.

Front 6

Founders Effect

Back 6

Animals who get isolated on another area which causes a decreases in allele frequencies.

Front 7

Bottleneck Affect

Back 7

Sudden decrease in an animal population due to natural causes. Causes lack of genetic diversity

Front 8

Gene Flow

Back 8

Animals from area move into another causing increased genetic diversity. Could possibly cause decrease in fitness.

Front 9

Directional Selection

Back 9

Where one extreme of a population is favored

Front 10

Stabilizing Selectrion

Back 10

Where well-rounded animals are preferred

Front 11

Disruptive Selection

Back 11

Where both extremes are preferred.

Front 12

Balancing Selection

Back 12

Selection in different times or places

Front 13

Frequency Dependent Selection

Back 13

Selection based on the number of organisms.

Front 14

Sexual dimorphism

Back 14

Traits that differ between male and females

Front 15

Why we can't have the perfect organism?

Back 15

1) Selection can only act on existing variations
2) Evolution is limited by historical constraints (Only modifications of original body plan
3) Adaptations are often compromise
4) Chance, natural selection, and the environment

Front 16

Speciation

Back 16

When the populations of species get separated, it causes new species to form.

Front 17

Biological Species Concept

Back 17

Species based on if they are reproductively isolated.

Front 18

Prezygotic Barriers

Back 18

Barriers before zygote is even made.
temporal isolation- isolated through different mating seasons
mechanical isolation- doesn't fit
behavioral isolation- different mating patterns
habitat isolation- mate in different environments
gametic isolation- Egg doesn't or can't fertilize

Front 19

Post Zygotic Barrier

Back 19

Barriers after the hybrid is born
Hybrid Viability- Hybrid won't survive
Reduced Hybrid Fertility- Hybrid isn't fertile
Hybrid Breakdown- Hybrid is too weak to survive

Front 20

Morphological Species Concept

Back 20

Definition of species based on appearances such as bone structures

Front 21

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Back 21

Species based on the family tree or history

Front 22

Ecological Species Concept

Back 22

Species based on what ecological niche certain things live in

Front 23

Allopatric Speciation

Back 23

Speciation through geographical isolation.
Causes natural selection, Genetic Drift, Gene Flow. It is an example of Founders' Effect

Front 24

Sympatric Speciation

Back 24

No separation. Isolated through habitat preferences. Can be caused through polyploidy in which a species is formed through an error in cell division. Can be caused by sexual selection.

Front 25

3 Outcomes of a hybrid zone

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Reinforcement- reproductive barriers stay the same
Fusion- reproductive barriers fuse
Stability- continued reproduction of hybrids

Front 26

Why fossilization is biased

Back 26

1) Animals with hard shells are more likely to be fossilized (Taxonomic Bias)
2) Certain habitats will develop fossils better than others (Habitat Bias)
3) Abundant animals= abundant fossils (Abundance Bias)
4) More recent fossils are easier to find than older ones (Temporal Bias)

Front 27

radiometric dating

Back 27

Used to determine relative age of organism

Front 28

adaptive radiation

Back 28

Periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species

Front 29

Rooted Phylogenetic Tree

Back 29

The organisms in the tree have one common ancestor

Front 30

Basal taxon

Back 30

the point where the earliest divergence occurs

Front 31

Homologies

Back 31

Phenotypic and Genetic similarities between organisms

Front 32

Analogous

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Phenotypic similarities which occurred through adaptations to an environment. An example of convergent evolution. Also called homoplaisies

Front 33

Monophyletic

Back 33

one ancestor with all its descendants

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Paraphyletic

Back 34

Single ancestor but not all the descendants

Front 35

Polyphyletic

Back 35

Species with different common ancestors

Front 36

Outgroup

Back 36

Group that diverged the earliest such as the basal taxon

Front 37

Max. Parsimony

Back 37

The tree that requires the lowest number of evolutionary changes. (Occam's Razor)

Front 38

Max. Likelihood

Back 38

The tree that displays what was most likely in the evolution of certain organisms.

Front 39

The 3 domains of life

Back 39

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

Front 40

Distinguishing Traits of prokaryotes

Back 40

Size, shape, and motility

Front 41

Gram staining

Back 41

Gram (+)- Appears purple. Has peptidoglycan wall

Gram (-)- Appears pink. Has thin layer of peptidoglycan but an outer phospholipid bilayer. It is more complex

Front 42

Why do bacteria have a large genetic diversity

Back 42

Mutations, Rapid reproduction, and Genetic recombination

Front 43

Transfomation of bacteria

Back 43

This is when the bacteria is surrounded by DNA which then combines it with its own

Front 44

Transduction of bacteria

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Recombination of DNA through other sources such as bacteriophages

Front 45

Conjugation

Back 45

Recombination of DNA through a sex pili.

Front 46

F factors

Back 46

transferred during conjugation and gives of a plasmid or part of the chromosome

Front 47

R plasmid

Back 47

transferred through conjugation. Gives antibiotic resistance

Front 48

Source of Energy for:
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs

Back 48

Autotrophs make their own energy such as photosynthesis.

Heterotrophs rely on molecules produced from other organisms

Front 49

Cyanobacteria

Back 49

First bacteria to form O2 through photosynthesis

Front 50

Obligate aerobes

Back 50

rely on O2

Front 51

Obligate anaerobe

Back 51

doesn't want O2

Front 52

Facultative anaerobes

Back 52

Can have/not have O2

Front 53

Extromophiles

Back 53

Organisms that live in extreme environments

Front 54

Extremehalophile

Back 54

Lives in areas with high saline amount

Front 55

Extreme thermophiles

Back 55

Lives in extreme temperatures

Front 56

Methanogens

Back 56

Releases methane as a by-product. They don't want oxygen

Front 57

mutalism

Back 57

where both organisms benefit

Front 58

commensalism

Back 58

one benefits but the other is not harmed or helped

Front 59

parasitism

Back 59

one benefits while other organism is harmed

Front 60

exotoxins

Back 60

toxins that bacteria release

Front 61

endotoxin

Back 61

toxins that bacteria release when they die

Front 62

monocot

Back 62

one cotyledon
parallel veins
Petals in multiples of 3

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dicot

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2 cotyledons
branched veins
petals in multiples of 4 or 5

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Taproot

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main vertical root of a plant

Front 65

Apical meristem

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primary space for plant growth

Front 66

Axillary buds

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point where lateral stems form

Front 67

Non-vascular plants

Back 67

They are gametophyte dominant

Front 68

Vascular Plants

Back 68

They are sporophyte dominant