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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The two types of defenses are ...
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innate immunity
acquired immunity |
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Which is slower innate or acquired immunity
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Acquired about 7-10 days
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Which of the two immunities has rapid response to a broad range?
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Innate
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Which of the two immunities is an adaptive immunity
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The acquired
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Which of the two immunities is really specific
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the acquired
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Which of the two immunities needs to be exposed to inducing agents before you develop it?
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the acquired immunity
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Which of the two immunities Is effective from birth and present before any exposure to a pathogen?
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The innate immunity
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Of the innate immunity it has two subdivisions what are they? 2 types of defenses and their anatomy
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External defense- skin, mucous membranes, secretions
Internal defense-phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response and NKC |
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Of the acquired immunity there are two responses what are they and how do they develop?
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Humoral response- B-cell secrete antibodies, binding to microbes and mark them for elimination
T-Cell Cell-mediated response, The t-cells recognize the pathogens inside of the cells. |
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Of the acquired immunity how is recognition of the pathogen achieved?
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Through Lympocytes
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The intact skin w respect to innate immunity
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Is the first line of defense, no cuts abrasions has a low ph and dry which microorganisms hate
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What does the mucus do w respect to innate immunity
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It traps microbes and bathe epithelium
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The Sebaceious glands and sweat glands help.....
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prevent colonization of microbes by having a 3-5 ph
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How does stomach acid help w respect to innate immunity?
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It kills microbes in the food/water that is stored in the stomach
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Lysozyme- what is it and where is it found
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an enzyme that digests cell walls of bacteria.
It also breaks up the mitochondria into components effectively killing the pathogen found in saliva, tears and mucous |
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How to ciliated cells help w respect to innate immunity
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it traps the microbes and sweeps them out of the body
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If microbes get past the first line of defense what do we have that prevents them from doing any dmg?
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Phagocytic cells and antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, NK-cells
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The main element of our 2nd line of defense is
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phagocytosis.
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Is phagocytosis specific or non-specific?
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nonspecific part of the innate immunity
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Describe phagocytosis
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Cells eat the microbes, binds it to a lyssosome that destroyes it in a vessicle and spits out the remains.
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the major mechanism of phagocytosis is...
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to remove pathogens and cell debris
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4 types of wbc that are phagocytic are...
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Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, Dendric cells
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What is it that microbes have that makes phagocytes attack/eat them?
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Receptors-antigens
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Lysosomes destroy the microbes in two ways what are they
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1. Containing nitric oxide and other toxic forms of oxygen that act as potent antimicrobial agents
2. enzymes degrade the mitochondrial components |
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Neutrophils % of leukocytes?
3 properties of neutrophils |
60-70%
1. Damaged cells release chem. that attract them 2. the inter infected tissue eating/killing microbes there 3. self-destruct as they kill, and only live a few days |
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Monocytes %
3 properties of monocytes |
5% of leukocytes more effective than neutrophils
1. Mature in blood then migrate into tissue differentiating into macrophages. 2. long lived 3. Can migrate or stay in one spot forever (kidneys ct, liver, lungs, brain, lymph nodes, spleen) |
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Microbes that enter the blood encounter resident macrophages where?
Microbes that enter the interstitial fluid encounter resident macrophages where? |
Blood=spleen
fluid lymph nodes |
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Eosinophils %
3 properties |
1.5% of leukocytes
1. kills parasites (and allergies) 2. attaches to parasites external wall, and release destructive enzymes from their granules 3. (limited phagocytic activity) |
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Dendridic cells:
main function aka Present in which tissues? What happens when activated? |
process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system
aka APC antigen presenting cells Found in skin, (called langerhan cells) & inner lining of the nose lungs stomach and intestines They migrate to lymphoid tissue where they interact with b&t cells |
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if a cell is infected with a virus what does it secrete so that other cells get (spread) the virus?
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interferon
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interferon
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a protein that defense against viral infection
secreted by a virus infected body cell, inducing uninfected neighboring cells to produce substances that inhibit viral reproduction. |
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Interferon is a cytokine.. what is that?
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a signaling compound of proteins and peptides used to allow once cell to communicate with other cells
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What do mast cells in CT do.../ store?
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They store histamine, (like basophils) that trigger a localized inflammatory response.
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Mast cells are found at the site of potential injury.. name 3 of these sites:
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nose mouth and feet
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What does histamine trigger
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dilation and increased permeability of nearby capillaries
inflammation |
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Leukocytes and dmg'd tissue cells release what substance that promotes blood flow to the injury site?
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Prostaglandins
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What are some symptoms of inflammation
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Edema, redness, swelling, heat
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What two effects do inflammation and increased blood flow have at the site of injury
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1. help clotting elements get there, they repair the area and block the spread of microbes elsewhere
2. increase the migration of phagocytic cells from the blood to the injured tissue. (1hour after injury) |
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chemokines
what secretes them |
small cystokines;
induced directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells secreted: blood vessels, endothelial cells, monocytes, This chemical attracts other phagocytes to the area. |
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NK cells
how do they kill |
They prevent cancer
Kills body cells that the microorganisms have infected. Kill using perforin which leads to apoptosis |
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Differentiate btw lysis and apoptosis
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Lysis will release virions of the broken down virus
Apoptosis leads to the destruction of the virus inside |
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The first and 2nd line of defense is nonspecific and is part of which immunity?
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innate immunity
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The 3rd line of defense is part of which immunity
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the acquired immunity
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4 key features of the acquired immunity
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specificity
diversity memory self-nonself recognition |
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What do antigens do? Where are they located?
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The make antibodies
When a foreign substance elicits an immune response this is known as antigen. They are unique in shape and can be found on the surface or produced by/released from foreign substances |
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What are some foreign substances that may have antigens
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Virus, becteria, protozoan, parasitic worms, pollen, insect venom, transplanted organs, worn-out cells
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Antibody
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antigen-binding immunoglobulin (protein) produced by b-cells that function as the effector in an immune response.
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Diversity of the Acquired immune system vs Specificity
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Specificity is the ability ot recognize and eliminate particular microorganisms
Diversity responds to the numerouns kinds of invadoers, with a wide variety of lympohcyte populations. each population of antibody producing b-cells as a specific antigen |
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Memory of the acquired immunity
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ability to recognize the previously encountered antigens
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If pt has Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus, or graves disease, what may be wrong with their acquired immunity?
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It's self-nonself recognition is broke. cannot distinguish btw body's own molecules and Foreign ones.
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Two types of acquired immunity?
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Active and passive immunity
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What is active immunity?
How can you get it?q |
Conferred by recovery from infectious disease, depending on the immune system, can get it from vaccines
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Passive immunity
How do you get it? |
Transfer person to person transfer of antibodies.
Babies can get it through milk and placenta Rabies shots, anti-rhesus factor, snake venom botulinum toxin |
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Two types of lymphocytes that are part of the 3rd line of defnese
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B-Cells Humoral
T-Cells Cell-Mediated |
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Where do B-Cells mature?
WHere do T-Cells Mature? |
B-Bone marrow
T-Thymus (formed in bone) |
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B&T cells have what kinds of receptors
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Antigen receptors
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The receptors of B - Cells are
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membrane bound antibodies
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The Receptors of T-Cells are
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not antibodies but recognize specific antigens
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Effector cells
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defend the body during immune responses
Poppulation of cells resulting from division of lymphocytes, activated by binding of antigen to antigen receptors |
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Antigen
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any foreign molecule that elitcites an immune response
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Most antigens are large molecules such as (two types)
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proteins
polysacharides |
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epitope (antigenic determinant)
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Where lymphocytes recognize and bind to on the antigen
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Most antigens are cell-associated molecules that..
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protrude from the surface of pathogens or transplanted cells
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Antibodies attach to antigens and help....
Where are Antibodies produced |
help counter it's effects and are produced by the body (system)
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A primed system..how does it react, and what does it do?
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remembers the antigen and reacts quickly/effectively
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B-Cell receptor made of...
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2 heavy and two light polypeptide chains,
Tail portion is transmembrane (anchors receptors in cell's plasma membrane) it extends into the cytoplasm |
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Septic shock
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bacterial infections can induce overwhelming systemic inflammatory response
Most common cause of death in ICU units |
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Characteristics of septic shock
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high fever low bp,
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How does septic shock kill someone?
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Cytokines releases lg scale inflammatory response, that causes massive vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and hypotension. ventricles dilate and myocardial dysfunction occurs
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T-cell receptors for antigen is made of
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2 different polypeptide chains alpha and beta linked by disulfide bridge
the outer tips of the a&b chain variable regions form a single antigen binding site. Remainder is the constant region |
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MHC (Major histocompatibility)
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it's what small fragment antigens bind to.. they are cell-surface proteins. acting as sign-posts
Can be self or nonself |
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Major histocompatibility complex
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a family of genes that MHC molecules are encoded into
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What are two ways foreign proteins can be processed and recognized as being nonself?
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1. Phagocytic cells degrade foreign particles engulfed via phagocytosis. These degraded particles are then presented on MHC Class II molecules
2. host cell infected, the antigen is presented on infected cell membranes by MHC class 1 molecules |
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Difference btw Class I and Class II MHC molecules
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MHC class 1 infection via bacteria, virus, cancer
Class II where degraded particles are presented |
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Humoral and Cell-Mediated immunity work ... and are .....
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work in concert and are dependent
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Humoral Immunity what are 2 things that lymphocytes do?
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1. They originate from multipotent stem cells in bone marrow and mature in lymp nodes and spleen
2. produce antibodies in response to pathogens and toxins |
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In humoral immunity does the Antigen receptor appear before or after it's exposed to an antigen?
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Before
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How do B-Cells exposed to an Antigen become activated?
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By binding to the antigen; Selection activated lymphocyte, simulated differentiates and divides, making clone cells. One clone are the effector cells, the other are memory cells
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Effector cells
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short lived, combate the same antigen made by B-CElls
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Memory cells
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long lived bearing receptors for the same antigen made by B-Cells
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Primary immune response vs secondary immune response
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Primary is the first time the body is exposed to the antigen,
Secondary is the 2nd exposure to the same Antigen |
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What does Cell-Mediated immunity respond to and depend on?
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Responds to intracellular pathogens, transplanted tissues, cancer cells
depends on direct action of T-cytotoxic cells instead of Antibodies |
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Helper T-cells can recognize MHC class II molecule antigen complex on APC cells what does the Helper T cell do then? (2 things)
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1. it proliferates and differentiates into clone activated helper T cells
2. it proliferates and differentiates into memory helper T-cells |
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when the Surface protein CD4 binds the side of MHCII molecule
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this interaction stabilizes APC and helper T cells
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Activated helper t-cells secrete cytokines to..
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Stimulate B & T cells
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Which cells are important in triggering a primary response?
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Dendritic Cells
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How do dendritic cells trigger a primary response
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they capture antigen, migrate to lymphoid tissue, present the antigen via MHCII molecules to the Helper T cells
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What do antigen activated cytotoxi T lymphocytes kill
3 of them |
1. They kill cancer cells
2. cells infected by viruses and 3. other intracellular pathogens |
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How to cytotoxi cells recognize the bad cells?
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The fragments of nonself proteins made in target cells associated with MHC I are displayed on the cell surface
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What do antigen activated cytotoxi T lymphocytes kill
3 of them |
1. They kill cancer cells
2. cells infected by viruses and 3. other intracellular pathogens |
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What happence when Cytotoxic T cells bind to MHCI
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they become active killers and kill target cells by releasing perforin and that induces apoptosis within the target cell
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How to cytotoxi cells recognize the bad cells?
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The fragments of nonself proteins made in target cells associated with MHC I are displayed on the cell surface
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What happence when Cytotoxic T cells bind to MHCI
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they become active killers and kill target cells by releasing perforin and that induces apoptosis within the target cell
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What do B-Cells make against extracellular pathogens?
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Antibodies
Antigens that elicit humoral response typically have proteins present on the surface of bacteria or transplanted tissue |
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What do B-Cells make against extracellular pathogens?
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Antibodies
Antigens that elicit humoral response typically have proteins present on the surface of bacteria or transplanted tissue |
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What stimulates B-Cells to proliferate and differentiate into clone of antibody secreting plasma cells and clone memory B-Cells?
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T helper cells activate and secrete cytokines
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What stimulates B-Cells to proliferate and differentiate into clone of antibody secreting plasma cells and clone memory B-Cells?
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T helper cells activate and secrete cytokines
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When antigens first bind to the receptors on B-Cells what happens to the foreignmolecules?
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the B-Cell takes in the foreign molecule via receptor mediated endocytosis
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How do B-Cells assist helper t-cells?
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By presenting the Antigen Fragments to helper t cells
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what happened w Edward Jenner's effort to control smallpox?
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The development of vaccines which stimulate the body to react against future attacks
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AIDS
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acquired immune deficiency syndrome first ID'd early 80's about 40Million are infected worldwide
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3 lines of defense against invasions:
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1. Epithelial surfaces are anatomical barriers that help prevent infection
2. innate and 3. adaptive immunity |
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Which of the 2 types of defenses is non specific?
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Innate
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Which of the two types of defenses consists of two Adaptive immune response steps antibody mediated and cell mediated pathways
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adaptive immunity
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Humoral response is...
what is it also called? |
Its where the b-cells bind to microbes and mark them (differentiation into plasma cells) and then secrete antibodies
The humoral response is also referred to as the antibody-mediated response |
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What is antigen encounter and recogniztion?
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It's when the lymphocytes recognize the antigens
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Describe Forcing the Rating error in performance appraisals
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Deciding on an overall rating first and then going back to individual dimensions to adjust ratings to match overall assessment
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Antigen Clearance
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The large clones of activated lymphocytes are responsible for clearing the antigen from the body
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Deevlopment of immunological memory
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Some of the activated lymphocytes differentiate into memory cells and are ready for subsequent exposure
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What are antigens?
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They stimulate antibody production
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Diversity of the antibody in B-Cells
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There are many different types of antibodies made by B-Cells that are genes that are rearranged. 10tril B-Cells 100Million different kinds of receptors
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The receptors on the B-Cells are also known as
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Antibodies
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