Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Teeth
|
- 2 incisors to help you slice your food
- 1 canine used to tear muscle off meat/tear food -2 premolars used to grind (mainly plant matter) -3 molars used to crush food |
|
|
Cavities
|
tooth decay
|
|
|
Saliva
|
helps moisten food for movement and for taste
can't taste w/out saliva saliva begins the chemical breakdown of starches using amylase (enzyme) |
|
|
Digestion
|
begins at the mouth and ends with the anus
functions are to ingest food, digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste takes place in a tube called the digestive tract |
|
|
Two types of digestion
|
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion |
|
|
Mechanical digestion
|
breaks food into smaller pieces thereby increasing food surface area for enzyme action
|
|
|
Chemical digestion
|
enzymatic breakdown to small organic molecules that are absorbed
|
|
|
Pharynx
|
receives air from nasal cavity and food from mouth
|
|
|
Esophagus
|
moves food from your mouth to your stomach
|
|
|
Gastric juices
|
Two components:
HCL- function to sterilize foods/kill micro-organisms Pepsin- begins the chemical digestion of protein |
|
|
What protects the lining of the stomach from stomach acids
|
mucus
|
|
|
Peptic ulcers
|
occur when gastric juices start to eat away at the lining
also called stomach ulcers which are caused by helicobacter pylori- cured by antibiotics |
|
|
Three sections of the small intestine
|
- duodenum- 1st 10 inches
- jejunum - ileum |
|
|
Villi
|
contain lymph lacteals which absorb fatty acids and glycerol
also contain blood capillaries which absorb sugars and amino acids inside the small intestine |
|
|
Accessory organs
|
assist small intestine with digestion
these organs do not handle food, they send things to the small intestine |
|
|
Pancreas
|
has digestive enzymes for carbohydrates, fat, and protein breakdown
|
|
|
Gall bladder
|
stores and releases a substance called bile
bile- an emulsifier of fats (not an enzyme) |
|
|
Small intestine
|
the major organ for digestion and absorption
|
|
|
Large intestine
|
(colon) major function is to re-absorb water
|
|
|
Diarrhea
|
caused by accelerated peristalsis
|
|
|
Constipation
|
caused by decelerated peristalsis
|
|
|
Non-pathogenic micro-organism
|
(normal flora) out compete disease causing bacteria in the large intestine
for protection |
|
|
Ecoli
|
bacteria that lives in the large intestine
|
|
|
Cecum
|
blind end of the large intestine
|
|
|
Peritonitis
|
inflammation of the peritoneum (the serous membrane which lines part of the abdominal cavity and some of the viscera it contains)
|
|
|
Chyme
|
thick semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum
|
|
|
Where does starch digestion begin and end?
|
begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestine
|
|
|
Where does protein digestion begin and end?
|
begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine
|
|
|
Two types of carbohydrates
|
simple- sugars (already brokendown) easily metabolized
complex- breads, cereals, pasta (form of starch and hydrated nutrients) more slowly metabolized |
|
|
What food has all 20 amino acids?
|
meat
- body can make 12- needs to come up with the other 8 essential amino acids - every gram of fat is worth 9 calories |
|
|
Cardiovascular/Circulatory system
|
humans have a closed system meaning that blood does not leave the system (vessels)
|
|
|
Three major parts of the cardiovascular system
|
- blood
- vessels - heart |
|
|
What is the advantage of having a closed circulatory system?
|
allows for a higher metabolism
|
|
|
Arteries
|
carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries
|
|
|
Capillaries
|
exchange of substances between tissues and blood
|
|
|
Veins
|
carry blood back to the heart
|
|
|
Arterial blood flow
|
heart
peristalsis |
|
|
Venous flow
|
skeletal muscle contraction
valves |
|
|
4 chambers of the heart
|
- top chambers are atria (plural for atrium)
- bottom chambers are ventricles -superior/anterior means above posterior/inferior means below - both blood vessels bring blood back to the heart |
|
|
Pulmonary
|
lungs
|
|
|
Coronary
|
heart
|
|
|
Hepatic
|
liver
|
|
|
Renal
|
kidneys
|
|
|
Valves
|
control the flow of blood through the heart
|
|
|
What is "lup dupp" we associate with heart sounds?
|
the shutting of the valves
|
|
|
Systole
|
contraction of the heart muscle
|
|
|
Diastole
|
relaxation of the heart muscle
|
|
|
.85 seconds- cardiac cycle(hundredths of a second)
|
- .15 sec AS/VD
- .3 sec AD/VS - .4 sec AD/VD |
|
|
Why is the heart called a double pump?
|
because it pumps in two different directions at the same time
|
|
|
Sinotnal node (SA)
|
controls the heart
- shocks the atrial/ventricle into contracting |
|
|
ECG (EKG)
|
measures electrical activity of the heart
can tell you how healthy the heart is overall |
|
|
Arrhythmia
|
irregular heart rhythm
|
|
|
Types of Arrhythmia
|
tachycardia- high heart rhythm- treated w/medicines
bradycardia- low heart rhythm- treated with pacemaker fibrillation- no longer contracting in a normal pattern (blood flow stops and death occurs)- treated w/defibrillation |
|
|
Defibrillation
|
large volt of electricity which can be used for fibrillation or cardiac arrest
|
|
|
Fatty streak
|
The fatty streak is the first grossly visible lesion in the development of atherosclerosis
|
|
|
Atherosclerosis
|
low blood flow caused by too much plaque
|
|
|
Arteriosclerosis
|
scar tissue in lining of the arteries (hardening of the arteries) caused by too much fat
|
|
|
Angiogram
|
procedure that checks for blockage in arteries
|
|
|
Balloon angioplasty
|
procedure that will open blocked arteries
plastic tube is threaded through a major blood vessel toward the heart and balloon at the end is inflated bracket called a stint keeps the artery open |
|
|
Coronary bypass
|
procedure that re-opens blocked artery
bypass the blocked portion of the artery- loop around an reconnect at the unblocked end |
|
|
How do arteries become blocked?
|
due to diet high in fat
genetics |
|
|
Lipo proteins
|
give fat molecules a ride in the bloodstream
|
|
|
HDL
|
(High Density Lipoproteins) transport from tissues back to liver to be brokendown (good)
|
|
|
LDL
|
(Low Density Lipoproteins) take fat out to tissues (bad)
|
|
|
HDL & LDL
|
both make up your blood cholesterol level
below 200- normal above 200- need to have a doctor check |
|
|
Plaque
|
accumulation of soft masses of fatty material beneath the inner lining of the arteries
|
|
|
Aneurysm
|
ballooning of a blood vessel
|
|
|
Hypertension
|
elevated blood pressure, particularly the diastolic pressure
|
|
|
Stroke
|
condition resulting when an arteriole in the brain bursts or becomes blocked by an emobolism
(aka- cerebrovascular accident) |
|
|
Thrombus
|
blood clot that remains in the blood vessel where it formed (stationary blood clot)
|
|
|
Embolus
|
moving blood clot that is carried through the bloodstream
|
|
|
BP- normal
|
110 over 70
110- systolic- forces blood through arteries during activity 70- diastolic- forces blood through the arteries during rest |
|
|
What do red blood cells look like?
|
flat, disc-shaped
packed with hemoglobin no organelles or nucleus |
|
|
Red blood cells
|
O2+Hb= Oxyhemoglobin- bright red
hemoglobin- high attraction for O2 and CO (carbon-monoxide) |
|
|
What are red blood cells primarily composed of?
|
hemoglobin
red blood cells are made in the red bone marrow inside certain bones |
|
|
How long do red blood cells live?
|
about 4 months
|
|
|
Where are they destroyed?
|
the liver
|
|
|
Anemia
|
too few red blood cells or red blood cells don't have enough hemoglobin
|
|
|
Types of anemia
|
iron deficiency
pernicious- red blood cells are produced in bone marrow but not released into the bloodstream (lack of VB12) sickle cell- caused by a mutation in the chromosomes- no cure- hemoglobin is not built up right and red blood cells can not carry O2 |
|
|
What is the major function of red blood cells?
|
to carry oxygen throughout the body
|
|
|
What do white blood cells look like?
|
larger than red blood cells, have nucleus
(need "wright stain" to view under a microscope) |
|
|
Two types of white blood cells
|
granulocytes
agranulocytes |
|
|
Granulocytes
|
neutrophils-(70%) fight infection by phagocytosis
eosinophils basophils |
|
|
Agranulocytes
|
lymphocytes- (30%) B lymphocytes produce antibodies, T lymphocytes don't eat bacteria nor do they produce antibodies
monoctyes |
|
|
How do B lymphocytes destroy bacteria
|
B lymphocytes+Antigen(foreign substance) enlarges, produce plasma cells and memory cells
|
|
|
Differential
|
WB count
|
|
|
What is the general function of the white blood cells
|
fight infection
|
|
|
Immunity
|
(ability to fight infection)you will never be sick twice from the same kind of foreign organism, this is because of the memory cells made by B lymphocytes
|
|
|
Vaccination
|
procedure where the organism is injected into the body so the white blood cells can make memory cells (organism is dead, attenuate or weakened, or a portion of)
Edward Jenner introduced the 1st vaccination |
|
|
Two kinds of Immunity
|
Active
Passive |
|
|
Active Immunity
|
you make memory cells and antibodies
longlasting infection vaccinations |
|
|
Passive Immunity
|
you get an infusion of pre-formed anitbodies, no memory cells
short term ex. tetanus shot, snake bite anti-venom, gamma globulin |
|
|
Surfactant
|
oil produced that lines the sacs to ease inflation when breathing in
|
|
|
Allergies
|
over-active immune system
|
|
|
Auto-immune diseases
|
type I diabetes
rheumatoid athritis multiple sclerosis lupus |
|
|
Alveoli
|
where gas exchange occurs
surfactor reduce the surface tension (oil substance that lubricates) |
|
|
Why is the respiratory system called the "gas exchange"?
|
breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2
also referred to as the gas exchange system |
|
|
Olfactum
|
sense of smell
|
|
|
Trachea
|
windpipe
|
|
|
Larynx
|
also called the voicebox and contains the vocal chords
|
|
|
Inhalation
|
breathing in
active phase of breathing (because muscles contract) |
|
|
Exhalation
|
breathing out
passive phase of breathing (because muscles relax) |
|
|
Which muscles contract during breathing?
|
diaphragm and rib muscles
diaphragm flattens and goes down rib muscles cause the rib cage to move up and out |
|
|
Pleural membranes
|
line the chest cavity
|
|
|
Why are humans considered to be "negative pressure" breathers?
|
because we don't force air in, we pull air in
|
|
|
What stimulates the breathing center of the brain?
|
increased acidity of the blood
|
|
|
In what individuals is surfactant sometimes not present in adequate amounts?
|
infants
|
|
|
Two types of infections
|
viral
bacterial |
|
|
Viral infections
|
colds
flu pneumonia |
|
|
Bacterial infections
|
pneumonia
strep throat- non treatment can cause it to relocate to the heart tuberculosis |
|
|
Asthma
|
muscle spasm in the walls of the bronchial tubes
|
|
|
Emphysema
|
inhaling particles that are irritating and toxic air (tubes scar shut)
|
|
|
Collapsed lung
|
caused by broken rib that punctures lung membrane and causes lung to loose suction
|
