Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is hemostasis?
|
This is the stoppage of bleeding.
|
|
|
What are the three steps to stop bleeding?
|
1. Vascular Spasm
2. Platelet Plug 3. Coagulation ...are the three steps in this process. |
|
|
What is the most immediate response to a broken blood vessel?
|
VASCULAR SPASM occurs at this quickly in response to a broken blood vessel.
|
|
|
What happens to the broken blood vessel during VASCULAR SPASM?
|
There is a RAPID CONSTRICTION of the broken blood vessel during this step.
|
|
|
What do platelets release during VASCULAR SPASM?
|
Platelets release SEROTONIN during this step.
|
|
|
What purpose does SEROTONIN serve during vascular spasm?
|
This neurotransmitter serves as a STRONG VASOCONSTRICTOR during vascular spasm.
|
|
|
To what do platelets adhere to during the PLATELET PLUG?
|
Platelets adhere to COLLAGEN FIBERS during this step.
|
|
|
What forms a temporary platelet plug to stop minor bleeding?
|
An aggregation of many platelets for this.
|
|
|
What is coagulation?
|
This is the clotting of blood.
|
|
|
When and how long does COAGULATION occur?
|
This occurs last but is the most long lasting.
|
|
|
How complex and controlled is COAGULATION?
|
This step is a VERY COMPLEX PROCESS that is VERY TIGHTLY CONTROLLED.
|
|
|
Why is COAGULATION so tightly controlled?
|
This step is so tightly controlled b/c you don't want blood to clot when bleeding isn't occurring.
|
|
|
What is the sticky protein that forms clots?
|
FIBRIN is the sticky this that forms clots.
|
|
|
What are the 2 pathways in coagulation?
|
1. Extrinsic mechanism
2. Intrinsic mechanism ...are the two pathways in this process. |
|
|
What pathway is faster in coagulation?
|
The EXTRINSIC MECHANISM is faster in this.
|
|
|
Where do the clotting factors release from in the extrinsic mechanism?
|
These factors are release outside the blood itself by the damaged blood vessel.
|
|
|
What secretes clotting factors in the extrinsic mechanism?
|
VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM secretes this during clotting.
|
|
|
Where do the clotting factors release from in the intrinsic mechanism?
|
These factors are released from the blood.
|
|
|
What is the plasma GLYCOPROTEIN that fibrin is made from?
|
FIBRINOGEN is a type of this.
|
|
|
What's a fancy name for clotting factors?
|
Procoagulants are a fancy name for these.
|
|
|
What are procoagulants and where are they produced?
|
These are usually proteins produced by the liver?
|
|
|
What kind of enzyme is a procoagulant?
What's that mean? |
These are proenzymes.
It means that they need to be activated by another enzyme. |
|
|
When are clotting factors present in blood?
|
These are always present in blood.
|
|
|
How do clotting factors circulate in the blood?
|
These circulate in the blood in inactive form.
|
|
|
What happens when one factor is activated during coagulation?
|
This acts as an enzyme to activate the next factor.
|
|
|
What is a clotting cascade?
|
When one factor is activated, it acts as an enzyme to activate the next factor.
|
|
|
What important factor is lacking in most serious forms of hemophilia?
|
Factor VII is the factor that when lacking causes this pathology?
|
|
|
What are the last 4 clotting factors?
|
These factors are platelet factors.
|
|
|
What are the last 4 clotting factors (i.e. platelet factos) named?
|
PF1
PF2 PF3 PF4 ... are the names of these |
|
|
What starts the CLOTTING CASCADE?
|
This can start with Extrinsic or Intrinsic Mechanism.
|
|
|
What clotting mechanism works faster?
|
The extrinsic mechanism works faster.
|
|
|
What does the damaged blood vessel release during the extrinsic mechanism (2 names)?
|
Thromboplastin (tissue factor)is released in this mechanism.
|
|
|
What does THROMBOPLASTIN indirectly activate?
|
This indirectly activates FACTOR X.
|
|
|
What do platelets release in the INTRINSIC MECHANISM (2 names)?
|
These release Factor XII (Hageman Factor).
|
|
|
What does Factor XII indirectly activate in the intrinsic mechanism?
|
This factor activates Factor X.
|
|
|
What two things are required to for Factor XII to activate Factor X?
|
The activation of this requires Ca ions and PF3.
|
|
|
How long does it that to form a clot in the EXTRINSIC PATHWAY?
|
This pathway forms a clot in about 15 sec.
|
|
|
How long does it that to form a clot in the INTRINSIC PATHWAY?
|
This pathway takes about 3-6 min to clot.
|
|
|
What factor do both clotting mechanisms lead to?
|
These both initiate FACTOR X.
|
|
|
At what point do both clotting pathways merge?
|
These merge after Factor X is activated.
|
|
|
In the final clotting cascade, Factor X combines with other factors to produce what?
|
This combines with other factors to produce prothrombin activator.
|
|
|
Prothrombin activator converts what into what?
|
This converts prothrombin to thrombin.
|
|
|
What does Thrombin do?
|
This is the enzym that converts FIBRINOGEN to FIBRIN.
|
|
|
What factor converts FIBRIN molecules to a FIBRIN polymer?
|
FACTOR XII converts this to a polymer.
|
|
|
What is the structural framework of a clot?
|
Fibrin polymer is this part of a clot.
|
|
|
When does a clot reaction occur?
|
This occurs after a clot has formed.
|
|
|
In the CLOT RETRACTION, what do platelets do?
|
These adhere to fibrin strands and contract.
|
|
|
What happens within about 30 minutes of a clot?
|
The clot becomes more compact within this amount of time.
|
|
|
What is PDGF (2)?
|
1. Platelet Derived Growth Factor
2. VERY powerful growth factor |
|
|
What secretes PDGF (2)?
|
1. platelets
2. endothelial cells ...secrete this. |
|
|
What does PDGF do?
|
This stimulates fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells to multiply and repair the broken vessel.
|
|
|
What process occurs after healing is done?
|
Fibrinolysis occurs at this point.
|
|
|
What is FIBRINOLYSIS?
|
The dissolution of a clot.
|
|
|
When does FIBRINOLYSIS occur?
|
This process occurs after tissue repair is completed.
|
|
|
What is FIBRINOLYSIS due to?
|
This process is due to a reaction cascade.
|
|
|
What factor is involved with FIBRINOLYSIS?
|
FACTOR XII (Hageman's Factor) is involved in this process after healing.
|
|
|
What breaks up the FIBRIN POLYMER in a clot?
|
Plasmin breaks this up in a clot.
|
|
|
What does Plasmin come from?
|
This comes from Plasminogen.
|
|
|
What does turns Plasminogen into Plasmin?
|
Kallikrein turns this into that.
|
|
|
What does Kallikrein comes from?
|
This comes from Prekallikrein.
|
|
|
What factor turns Prekallikrein into Kallikrein?
|
Factor XII turns this into that in the process that dissolves a blood clot.
|
|
|
What does TPA stand for?
|
This stands for Tissue plasminogen activator.
|
|
|
TPA is a type of what?
Where is it found? |
This is a type of Kallikrein found in tissue.
|
|
|
Who may receive TPA in a hospital?
|
Stroke patients may get this.
|
|
|
What does TPA do?
|
This converts plasminogen to plasmin, and may be given to stroke patients.
|
|
|
What are two examples of clotting disorders?
|
1. Hemophilia
2. Thrombosis ...are two examples of these. |
|
|
What is an example of a hereditary clotting disorder?
|
Hemophilia comes from this.
|
|
|
What is usually lacking in Hemophilia? Or what else might it be?
|
This is usually a lack of Factor VIII.
May be lack of Factor IX. |
|
|
What is THROMBOSIS?
|
This is abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel.
|
|
|
What are two kinds of Thrombosis?
|
1. Thrombis
2. Embolism ...are two forms of this. |
|
|
What is a THROMBIS?
|
This is a clot in an unbroken blood vessel.
|
|
|
What might a thrombis do?
|
This may obstuct flow of blood in a vessel.
|
|
|
What form of Thrombosis is stationary?
|
THROMBIS move this much.
|
|
|
What is an embolism?
|
This is a clot that breaks loose from a blood vessel.
|
|
|
What form of THROMBOSIS travels thru blood stream?
|
EMBOLISM moves like this.
|
|
|
What type of arteries can an embolism lodge in to cause rapid death (3)?
|
If this lodges in a cerebral coronary, or pulmonary artery it may cause rapid death.
|
|
|
What are two examples of ANTICOAGULANTS?
|
1. TPA
2. Heparin ... are two examples of this |
|
|
What makes HEPARIN (2)?
|
This anticoagulant is made by a mast cell, sometimes by a basophil.
|
|
|
What is a mast cell? Where did it travel?
|
This is a monocyte that left blood and moved into tissue.
|
|
|
What are two examples of what basophils can make?
|
1. Heparin
2. Histomine ... are two examples of what this can produce. |
|
|
What does Heparin do?
|
This blocks the action of Thrombin on Fibronogen.
|
|
|
What is a preventative anticoagulant that can do nothing once clot is formed?
|
Heparin can do this after a clot has formed.
|
