Bio 107- Exam 1

Front 1

Carbonyl group

Back 1

consist of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond. If the carbonly group is at the end of the carbon skelton then compound aldehyde.Otherwise ketone. Fct. A ketone and an aldehyde maybe structural isomers with diff. properties.

Front 2

Carboxyl group

Back 2

consists of an carbon double bonded to an oxygen also attached to a hydroxl group (-COOH) Name of compound Carboxlic acid Fct. has acidic properties

Front 3

Hydroxly group

Back 3

consists of an Oxgen and Hydrogen (-OH) organic molecules with hyroxyl group are called alcohols and names tend to end in ol. Fct. is polar as a rusult of the electronegative O atom drawing electrons toward itself. Attracts H2O molecules helping dissolve organic compound such as sugars. Found in sugars +alchols

Front 4

Protons Loci Charge Mass
Neutrons
electrons

Back 4

nucleus, +, 1
Nucleus, 0, 1
shell, -, 0

Front 5

Hydration Shell

Back 5

Solute molecules become surrounded by H2O molecules

Front 6

properties of water

Back 6

1) moderation in temp
2) insulation of H2O bodies by floating ice
3) the solvent of life
4) cohesion

Front 7

Solute

Back 7

the substance that is dissolved

Front 8

Solvent

Back 8

the dissolving agent

Front 9

Solution

Back 9

Is a liquid homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances.

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Atom

Back 10

is the smallest unit of an element retaining the properties of that element.

Front 11

high proporion of water allow what?

Back 11

in the enviroment and within organisms keeps temp. flucuations with limits that premit life

Front 12

Surface tension

Back 12

caused by h-bonding betw. H2O molecules. interface betw. water and air.

Front 13

adhesion

Back 13

water moleculesto the wall of plant vessels also contributes to water transport

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cohesion

Back 14

creates a more structurally organized liquid and helps water to be pulled upward in plants.

Front 15

chemical equilibrium

Back 15

reached when the forward and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate and the [] of react. and product no longer change

Front 16

Polar Covalent bond

Back 16

If one element is more electronegative it pulls the shared electrons closer to itself

Front 17

covalent bond

Back 17

two atoms share a pair of valence electrons or equal sharing of electrons

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element

Back 18

substance that cannot be broken down into any othe substance, one type of atom

Front 19

Atomic mass

Back 19

number of protons and neutrons

Front 20

If the valence shell is full then it _____ and _____.

Back 20

inert, no chemical reactive

Front 21

Essential Elements of Life

Back 21

96% of living matter composed: C,H,N,O 4% Fe,Ca,P,I,K,Na,Zn trace elements less .01%

Front 22

4____
He
2_____

Back 22

Atomic mass (p+n, Atomic number(p)

Front 23

Every atom has_____ charge. So protons______ the number of electrons.

Back 23

neutral, =

Front 24

atomic number

Back 24

number of protons

Front 25

amino group

Back 25

consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydogens(NH2). Compounds with an amino group, called amines, can act as based picking up a hydrogen ion and becoming NH3.

Front 26

Sulfhydryl group

Back 26

consist of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen(-SH). Thiols are compounds contains sulfhydryl. come from disulfide bond and found in protein.

Front 27

phosphate group

Back 27

is bonded to the carbon skeleton by an oxgyen attached to a phosphorus atom that is bonded to three other oxygen atoms(-OPO3 2-) This anion contributes negative charge to organic phosphates. Come from DNA and RNA and create atp energy.

Front 28

Methyl group

Back 28

is a carbon bonded to three hydrogens(-CH3). Methylated compounds may have their function modified due to the addition of the methyl group.

Front 29

ATP

Back 29

adenosine triphosphate or atp consist of the organic molecule adenosine attached to three phosphate groups. When ATP reacts with water, the third phosphate is split off and energy is released.

Front 30

Carbohydrates

Back 30

monosaccrides fct. energy, raw materials, energy storage,structural compounds. include sugars and their polymers. serve as fuel and building material

Front 31

Proteins

Back 31

Amino acide fct, enzymes, transport, movement, receptors,defense, structure

Front 32

Nucleic Acids

Back 32

nucleotides fct. heredity, code for amino acid sequence.

Front 33

lipids

Back 33

glycerol and fatty acide-->fats;phospholipids;steroids(do not form polymers) Fct.energy storage, membranes,hormones

Front 34

macromolecules

Back 34

carbs,lipids,proteins, nucleic acids

Front 35

Condensation or dehydration reaction

Back 35

monomer are joined by releasing a water molecule.

Front 36

Hydrolysis

Back 36

is breaking of bonds betw. monomers when water is added. polymer to monomer.

Front 37

Enzymes

Back 37

catalyze both dehydration reactions and hydrolysis.

Front 38

Monosaccharides

Back 38

have a general formula of (CH2O)n

Front 39

Glucose

Back 39

is broken down to yield energy in cellular repiration.

Front 40

Glycosidic linkage

Back 40

joins two monosaccrides to form a disaccharide.

Front 41

Polysaccrides

Back 41

are storage or structural macromolecules made from a few hundred to a few thousand monomsaccharides.

Front 42

Starch

Back 42

a storage molecule in plants is a polymer made of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 linkages that give starch a helical shape.

Front 43

glycogen

Back 43

is produced by animals a highly branched polymer of glucose, as their energy storage form.

Front 44

Cellulose

Back 44

polymer; the major component of plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

Front 45

Chitin

Back 45

is a structural polysaccride formed from glucose monomers with a nitrogen -containing group and found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell wall of many fungi.

Front 46

Fats

Back 46

are composed of fatty acids attached to the three-carbon alcohol, glycerol.

Front 47

Fatty acid

Back 47

consist of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl goup at one end. the nonpolar hydrocarbons make a fat hydrophobic.

Front 48

triaclglycerol

Back 48

or fat, consists of three fatty acids, each linked to glycerol by an ester linkage, a bond that forms between a hydroxly and a carboxyl group.

Front 49

unsaturated fatty acids

Back 49

fatty acids with double bonds in their carbon skeleton. The cis double bonds create a kink in the hydrocarbon chain.

Front 50

Saturated fatty acids

Back 50

have no double bonds in their carbon skeletons.

Front 51

Phospholipids

Back 51

consist of a glycerol linked to two fatty acids and a negatively charged phosphate group, to which other small molecules are attached.

Front 52

Steroids

Back 52

are a class of lipids distinguished by four connected carbon rings with various functional groups attached.

Front 53

Cholesterol

Back 53

is an important steriod that is a common component of animal cell membranes and a precursor for other steriods, including many hormones.

Front 54

Catalysts

Back 54

enxymatic proteins selectively speed up the chemical reactions of a cell.

Front 55

polypeptide

Back 55

is a polymer of amino acids.

Front 56

protein

Back 56

consists of one or more polypeptide chains folded into a specific three-dimensional shape.

Front 57

Amino acids

Back 57

are composed of an asymmetric carbon bonded to a hydrogen, a carboxly group, and a variable side chain called the R goup.

Front 58

peptide bond

Back 58

links the carboxyl group of one amino acid with thw amino group of another.

Front 59

Primary Structure

Back 59

is the unique,genetically coded sequence of amino acids within a protein.

Front 60

Secondary structure

Back 60

involves the coiling and folding of the polypeptide backbone, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the electronegative oxygen of one peptide bond and the weakly positive hydrogen attached to the nitrogen of another peptide bond.

Front 61

tertiary structure

Back 61

interactions betw. the various side chains of the constituent amino acids

Front 62

Hydrophobic interactions

Back 62

betw. nonpolar side groups clumped in the center of the molecule due to their replusion by water ect

Front 63

disulfid a shele bridges

Back 63

strong covalent bonds that may occur betw the sulfhyde side groups of cysteine monomers that have been brought together by the folding of polypeptide.

Front 64

Quatuernary structure

Back 64

occurs in proteins that are composed of more than one polypeptide chain.

Front 65

chaperonins

Back 65

chaperone proteins that assist other proteins during the folding process perhaps by providing sheltered enviroment.

Front 66

X-ray crystallography

Back 66

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and bioinformatics, biochemists have established the structure of thousands of proteins.

Front 67

Genes

Back 67

are the units of inheritance that determine the primary structure of proteins.

Front 68

Nucleic acids

Back 68

are the polymers that carry and transmit this code.

Front 69

DNAP

Back 69

deoxyribonucleic acid,is the genetic material that is inherited from one generation to the next and is copied whenever a cell divides so that all cells of an organism contain its DNA.

Front 70

RNA

Back 70

ribonucleic acid, which directs the synthesis of proteins, the ultimate enactors of the genetic program.

Front 71

Polynucleotides

Back 71

are polymers of nucleotides

Front 72

nucleotides

Back 72

monomer that consist of a pentose covalently bonded to a phosphate group and nitrogenous base.

Front 73

Pyrimidines

Back 73

cytosine, thymine,uracil,

Front 74

Purines

Back 74

adenine, guanine

Front 75

Deoxyribose

Back 75

in DNA the pentose is

Front 76

Ribose

Back 76

the RNA pentose

Front 77

Double helix

Back 77

DNA molecules consist of two chains of polynucleotides spiraling

Front 78

antiparallel

Back 78

the arrangment where two chains run in opposite 5' to 3'directions

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light microcopes

Back 79

the visible lifht passing through a specimen such that the projected image is magnified.

Front 80

organelles

Back 80

membrane enclosed, can be seen by light microscope

Front 81

scanning electron microscope

Back 81

an electron beam scans the surface of a speciman usually coated with a thin gold film.

Front 82

Transmission electron microscope

Back 82

a beam of electrons is passed through a thin section of a speciman stained with atoms of heavy metals.

Front 83

cell fractionation

Back 83

is a technique that separates organelles and other structures of a cell so that they can e identified and their function studied.

Front 84

Cytosol

Back 84

all cell are bounded by a plasma membrane which encloses a semiflud medium

Front 85

prokaryotic cells

Back 85

which are cells with no nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles. ex bacteria and Archaea

Front 86

nucleoid

Back 86

the DNA of prokaryotes cell is concentrated in this region

Front 87

Eukaryotic cells

Back 87

have a true nucleus enclosed in a nuclear envelope and numerous organelles suspended in cytosol.

Front 88

Cytoplasm

Back 88

refers to the entire region betw. the nucleus and the plasma membrane, and also to the interior of a prokaryotic cell.

Front 89

plasma membrane

Back 89

surrounding every cell must provide sufficent surface area for exchange of oxygen,nutrients, and wastes relative to the volume of the cell.

Front 90

nuclear envelope

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a double membrane perforated by pores that regulate the movement of materials betw. the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Front 91

nuclear lamina

Back 91

the inner layer is lined by this a layer of protein filaments that helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus.

Front 92

chromosomes

Back 92

most of the cell's DNA is located in the nucleus where it is organized into units

Front 93

chromatin

Back 93

made up of a complex of DNA and proteins.

Front 94

nucleolus

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dense structure, synthesis ribosomal RNA and combines with protein to assemble ribossomal subunits, which then pass through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm.

Front 95

Ribosomes

Back 95

are composed of protein and ribosomal RNA

Front 96

Glycoproteins

Back 96

are small carbs. covalently bonded.

Front 97

transport vesicles

Back 97

membrane- bound secretory proteins are transported from the rough ER

Front 98

endomembrane system

Back 98

consists fo the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles,and the plasma membrane.

Front 99

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 99

biosynthetic factory, is continuous with the nuclear envelope and encloses a network of interconnected tubules or compartments called cisternae.

Front 100

Smooth ER

Back 100

produce lipid "fats" such as phospholipid and steriods and helps detoxifaction.

Front 101

Golgi apparatus

Back 101

consists of a stack of flattened sacs and are the shipping and receiving center. Enter at the cis leave at the trans. they pinch off at trans and go to plasma membrane.

Front 102

lysosomes

Back 102

are membrane enclosed sacs of hydrolytic enxymes used by animal cells to digest macromolecules. provide an acidic pH for enzymes, digest, clean up cellstructs not in use membrane bound pinched from golgi made up of lytic enzymes proteins.

Front 103

phagocytosis

Back 103

don't know

Front 104

central vacuole

Back 104

is found in mature plant cells surrounded by a vacuolar membrane and enclosing a solution called cell sap.

Front 105

mitochondria

Back 105

cellular repiration, the metabolic processes of fuels to produce ATP

Front 106

Chloroplast

Back 106

this is where photosynthesis

Front 107

Cristae

Back 107

dont no

Front 108

mitochondrial matrix

Back 108

don

Front 109

Plastids

Back 109

are plant organelles that include amyloplasts, which store starch;chromoplasts, which contain pigment, and chloroplast, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll and function in photosynthesis.

Front 110

stroma

Back 110

don

Front 111

thylakoids

Back 111

don

Front 112

grana

Back 112

photosynthetic enzymes are embedded in the thylakoids which may be stacked together to form these structures.

Front 113

peroxisomes

Back 113

are oxidative organelles filled with enzymes that function in a variety of metabolic pathway, such as breaking down fatty acids for energy or detoxifying alcohol and other poisons.