Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Are Fungi Heterotrophic?
|
Yes, because they cannot synthesize their own food source.
|
|
|
Plants and Fungi are Eukaryotes and Have cell walls?
|
True
|
|
|
How do we classify the diversity of Animals?
|
Whether they have and what type of... Body Symmetry, Tissues, Body Cavity
|
|
|
The history of animals may span more than a _____ years
|
billion
|
|
|
Animals are multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from _________
layers |
embryonic
|
|
|
Animals can have 3 types of Body Cavites
|
1: None
2: Pseudocoelom 3: Coelom |
|
|
No body type
|
Acoelomates, or Acoelom: These organisms don't have a body cavity.
These include the prorifera (sponges), Cnidaria (Jellyfish, coral, sea anemone), and Platyheminthes (flat worms) |
|
|
Pseudocoelom
|
Pseudocoelomates have a body that is partially lined with mesoderm. Fluid filled. Not as well-organized as a coelomate. These include the rotifers and nematodes (round worms)
|
|
|
Ceolom
|
Ceolomates have a fully lined cavity lined with mesoderm. These include the Annelids (segmented worm), arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, and Chordates
|
|
|
Body Symmetry
|
1: None
2: Radial 3: Bilateral |
|
|
Radial Symmetry
|
Can be cut into many different sections and have symmetry. Cnidaria (jellyfish, coral, sea anemone) exhibit this.
|
|
|
Bilateral Symmetry
|
Can be cut in half and display symmetry. All other animals have this.
|
|
|
Three different tissues that animals have
|
1: None
2: Ectoderm/Endoderm 3: Ectoderm/Endoderm/Mesoderm |
|
|
No Tissue
|
Porifera (sponges). Cells are not orgnized into tissue
|
|
|
Animals that have Extoderm and Endoderm
|
These are called diploblastic. The Cnidaria have this.
|
|
|
Animals who have ectoderm, exoderm, and mesoderm.
|
They are called triploblastic. These include all other animals besides the Porifera and Cnidaria.
|
|
|
Ectoderm
|
Is the embryonic tissue that forms into the outside layer of skin
|
|
|
Endoderm
|
is the embryonic tissue that forms the outside layer of guts, respiratory tract, and urinary bladder. Glands associated with gut and respiratory tract
|
|
|
mesoderm
|
forms muscles, connective tissues, skeleton, kidneys, and circulatory and reproductive organs.
|
|
|
Protostome
|
Are annelids, arthropods, molluscs: They develop a mouth first
|
|
|
Deuterostome
|
these are the echinoderms and chordates. These develop an anus first.
|
|
|
Why Animal Diversity?
|
Diverse sources of nutrition and Diverse Environment
|
|
|
How is diversity of animals generated?
|
Mutations and Selection for advantageous traits
|
|
|
circulatory system
|
This is your blood and muscles
|
|
|
Ecological Niche
|
Where an organism lives and eats
|
|
|
heterotrophs
|
must obtain organic
compounds and energy by absorption or ingestion |
|
|
Example of a Novel Mutation
|
Fruitfly wing mutation.
Homeotic: two wings Apterous: stub wing |
|
|
Are animals monophyletic?
|
Yes!
|
|
|
Chemoautotrophic bacteria
|
use chemical energy to fix carbon. provide sugar to things that host them! Live near hydrothermal vents
|
|
|
Diffusion
|
Random movement of molecules due to thermal energy.
|
|
|
hydrogen bonds
|
caused by polarity in water molecule
|
|
|
Scaling affect
|
bone size has to increase more than mass
|
|
|
Reynold's Number
|
Effect of size of animals/cells in water gives ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. For very small #'s: viscosity predominates and inertia is negligiable. IE Bacteria is 10^-5 and a whale is 10^8
|
|
|
Animal Structure and
Function |
reflect the functional needs of animals within the constraints of physical laws
|
|
|
the similar needs of animals
|
nutrition, gas exchange, get rid of waste, contorl of internal environment, communication, internal and external, reproduction, move, reduce chance of dying
|
|
|
Molecules have_____ energy due to ____ energy
|
kinetic, thermal
|
|
|
thermalconformer
|
organisms at temperature of environment. Most live in stable temp or must adapt.
|
|
|
countercurrent heat exchange
|
when the veins are close to the arteries. dolphins and geese exhibit this
|
|
|
What is temperature's effect on physiological processes?
|
for every 10 degree C increase, physiological processes increases by 2-3 fold. But some will speed up more, some less. Wrecks coordination of physiological processes.
|
|
|
Temp affects cell components such as
|
lipid bilayer membrane
|
|
|
vasocontriction
|
a way to regulate body temperature. Iguanas use it when swimming in cold
|
|
|
Shivering
|
when muscles contract to produce heat instead of movement
|
|
|
What do animals need to get from their food?
|
raw materials (building blocks), chemical energy, essential nutrients
|
|
|
what is chemical energy
|
fuel to burn. oxidation of energy-rich organic material
|
|
|
essential nutrients
|
these are obtained by food that animals cannot make from raw materials. ie vitamins and minerals, amino acids, fatty acids
|
|
|
autotrophs
|
make complex organic molecules from simple ones
|
|
|
heterotrophs
|
have to ingest complex organic molecules
|
|
|
2 autotrophs
|
photoautotroph: plants and algae
chemoautotroph: hydrothermal vent bacteria... oxidize sulfides |
|
|
Essential nutrients need by heterotrophs
|
809 essential aas
few essential unsaturated fatty acids vitamins minerals |
|
|
extracellular digestion occurs in
|
gastrovascular cavity
|
|
|
vertebrates can/cannot do intracellular digestion
|
can, but not for general nutrition
|
|
|
gastrovascular cavity
|
Only one opening
|
|
|
Alimentary canal
|
ingestion, mechanical digestion, enzymatic/chemical digestion, absorption, elimination
|
|
|
essential amino acids can be obtained from..
|
meat, grains, legumes
|
|
|
vitamins
|
reqd in small amts, fat and water soluble, foudn in fruits and vegies, in skin, made by bacteria in colon (K)
|
|
|
what are minerals needed for?
|
needed for bone, blood, normal functioning, osmotic balance, enzyme funtion
|
|
|
The Alimentary Cannal in the Mammal
|
Mouth, esophagous, Stomach, Liver, Intestine, Anus
|
|
|
Mouth
|
Mechanical, Enzymatic (saliva contains amylase)
|
|
|
Stomach
|
Mechanical, enzymatic (pepsin), chemical. pH is 2!
|
|
|
What does the pH in ur stomach do?
|
denatures proteins!
|
|
|
what prevents stomach from eating itself?
|
protease active in lumen!
mucus cells continually divide to produce more cells |
|
|
Liver produces ___ that goes to the ___ ___ and aids in ____
|
bile, gall bladder, digestion
|
|
|
Pancreas
|
Produces digestive enzyme, raises pH, and produces insulin
|
|
|
Small intestine
|
breaks down proteins by enzymatic action. Finish digestion, nutrient absorption, water resorption.WHERE MOST ENZYMATIC DIGESTION OCCURS
|
|
|
Large Intestine
|
water resorption
|
|
|
microvilli
|
increase surface area for absorption
|
|
|
cecum
|
pouch inbetween small and large intestine, digests cellulose. much bigger in herbavores
|
|
|
Herbavories require specialization becase...
|
plant tissue is harder to break up, it contains cellulose, nutrients less concentrated than in meat
|
|
|
Animals ___ break down cellulose
|
cannot
|
|
|
digestion can involve ___
|
symbionts
|
|
|
digestive symbionts are bacteria and protozoa and algae and they...
|
breakdown fod, produce vit k, pruce gases
breakdown cellulose, produce vitamisn provide sugars, found in hydra, anemones, corals |
|
|
Cellular respiration occurs in _____
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
How animal respiration works
|
sugar + oxygen go inside mitochondria, carbon dioxide and water are produced as well as lots of ATP
|
|
|
oxygen needs to diffuse short distances in...
|
very small organisms, gastrovascular cavity, water vascular cavity, gills, tracheal system, lungs
|
|
|
hydra is several mm long, so can it use diffusion?
|
yes, because it has a gastrovascular cavity and it is hollow
|
|
|
What adaptions enhance gas exchange and enable larger size organisms?
|
increased surface area, respiratory system, circulatory system
|
|
|
Water Vascular system has...
|
ring canal, radial canal, and tube feet. in echinoderms
|
|
|
Respiratory system in relation to gas exchange
|
brings in gas
|
|
|
circulatory system in relation to gas exchange
|
distributes gas
|
|
|
an example of an animal with open and an animal with closed circulatory system
|
insect, annelid
|
|
|
gills increase the surface area by..
|
20 times
|
|
|
example of animal with 2 chamber heart
|
Fish
|
|
|
3 chamber heart
|
Has two atriums but one ventricle which the blood leaves. in Reptiles
|
|
|
pH decreases as CO2 increases. Causes us to breath harder.
|
true
|
|
|
closed circulatory system present in..
|
annelids, squids, octopus, vertebrates
|
|
|
open circulatory system present in...
|
arthropods, many mollusc
|
|
|
reptiles are ___ monophyletic
|
not
|
|
|
birds are ___
|
monophyletic
|
|
|
ecology
|
study of interaction between organisms and environment. science behind environmental and conservation decisions
|
|
|
wat 2 factors are involved in ecology?
|
abiotic: temp, moisture, sun, wind, minerals, changes in these factors
biotic: all living things and their products |
|
|
three different types of ecology
|
community, population, ecosystem
|
|
|
wat is the primary source of energy?
|
sunlight
|
|
|
wat is the key abiotic factor in ALL environments?
|
temperature
|
|
|
What is a key abiotic factor in terrestrial environments?
|
moisture
|
|
|
Because of ___ ____, arid and tropical environments are found
|
solar radiation
|
|
|
____ and ____ also affect precipitation
|
wind , mountains
|
|
|
What seasons do water mix?
|
Spring and Fall
|
|
|
Oligotrophic
|
clean water
|
|
|
Eutrophic
|
dirty water
|
|
|
WHat is population ecology?
|
study of population size, its sex and age of individuals (composition)
|
|
|
Factors that affect changing populations
|
Resources (food, habitat), competitors, predators, pathogens
|
|
|
Demographic factors that affect populations
|
age structure, sex ratio, fecundity, mortality, generation time
|
|
|
polygamy
|
1 male mates with many females
|
|
|
life history traits
|
time to reproduction
reproductive lifetime number of offspring quality of or energy expenditure into offspring/gametes |
|
|
population growth is...
|
logistic
|
|
|
carrying capacity
|
max number of species that can survive in environment
|
|
|
community ecology
|
interactions between different species affect community composition
|
|
|
competitive exclusion principle
|
only one species can live in a particular ecological niche. either
1: one dies off 2: choose to live in part where they don't compete 3: adapt |
|
|
Biogeographic factors
|
location, size
|
|
|
equilibrium #
|
number of species balance of immigration and extinction
|
|
|
what is the affect of a disturbance in environment
|
removes organisms and alters abiotic factors
|
|
|
ecological succession
|
allow new species to come into community and eliminate other species
|
|
|
chemicals are...
|
recycled
|
|
|
energy __ and ____
|
enters , leaves
|
|
|
Net energy production pyramid
|
sun, plants, insects, rodents, snakes
|
|
|
What produces nitrogen?
|
nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes and nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria
|
|
|
humans alter chemical cycling by...
|
deforestation --> eutrophic conditions
Burning fossil fuels --> acid rain, global warming, acidification of ocean (corrosive to shells and skeletons of marine life) |
|
|
bioaccumulations of environmental toxins
|
small animals eat toxins with small concentration DDT, large animals eat small orgs with high conc. DDT
|
|
|
chlorofluorocarbons
|
led to ozone hole in antarctica
|
|
|
conservation biology
|
seeks to preserve biodiversity
|
|
|
restoration ecology
|
bring endangered population back return degraded ecosystem bac
|
|
|
Levels of Biodiversity
|
Genetic diversity: allows for adaptation
species diversity: specific species have specific functions ecosystem diversity: biogeochemical cycle, ecosystem services |
|
|
example of genetic diversity
|
crop improvement
|
|
|
what are some threats to biodiversity?
|
loss of habitat, fragmentation or degradation, non-native invasive species, overexploitation all lead to:
reduce pop size and genetic diversity, degrade community and ecosystem |
|
|
restoration ecology
|
protect individual species, look at declining species,why?
|
|
|
The wildlife corridor
|
promotes dispersal, connect habitats
|
