Bio 106 - Exam 3 - Chapter 31

Front 1

What is a mushroom?

Back 1

The mushroom is the reproductive structure of some fungi. There is so much more of the fungi underneath the mushroom.

Front 2

What are gills on the underside of the mushroom filled with?

Back 2

The gills of the mushroom are filled with spores.

Front 3

Whenever you see "myc" what should you think of?

Back 3

Myc refers to fungi.

Front 4

Are fungi monophyletic?

Back 4

Yes, fungi are monophyletic.

Front 5

Fungi are equally closely related to what two groups?

Back 5

Fungi are equally closely related to the protists choanoflagellates and animals.

Front 6

Fungi are more closely related to the protists choanoflagellates and animals than to what groups

Back 6

Fungi are more closely related to the protists choanoflagellates and animals than to other protists and plants.

Front 7

What evidence supports the close relationship between fungi, choanoflagellates (protists), and animals? (Hint: there's 3)

Back 7

The 3 synapomorphies that link fungi, choanoflagellates, and animals are cell walls with chitin, use of glycogen as storage molecule, and similarity in DNA sequences.

Front 8

Are fungus single-celled or multi-cellular?

Back 8

Fungus are single-celled or multi-cellular eukaryotes,

Front 9

What type of reproduction do fungus go through?

Back 9

Fungus go through sexual or asexual reproduction.

Front 10

Describe how fungus get nutrients.

Back 10

Fungus are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from other organisms (dead or alive). Fungus secrete digestive enzymes onto a food source and absorb the released nutrients.

Front 11

What is mycology?

Back 11

Mycology is the study of fungi.

Front 12

How many species of fungi are there?

Back 12

There are approx 1.5 million species of fungi, indicating the diversity of fungi.

Front 13

What are 4 reasons that fungi are important?

Back 13

Ecology of fungi, fungi are sources of medicine, they provide food, and they can be detrimental to health.

Front 14

Describe how decomposing fungi play a critical role in carbon cycling.

Back 14

Fungi release carbon from dead trees. Fungi degrade lignin to CO2, cellulose, and glucose.

Front 15

What is lignin?

Back 15

Lignin is an important part of plant cell wals and its a highly branched polymer.

Front 16

What are two fungi that are sources of medicine and what's the medicine?

Back 16

Penicillium notatum is used to make penicillin, which is an antibiotic. Penicillium griseofulvum is used to make griseofulvin, which is an anti-fungal.

Front 17

What are examples of edibles that fungus are a part of?

Back 17

Yeast is a fungi that helps make bread. Fungi is also used to produce cheese and alcoholic beverages.

Front 18

What are examples of fungal plant pathogens destroying plants?

Back 18

Blackberry fruit rot, timber rot on tomatoes, apple bitter rot, corn smuts, chestnut blight, dutch elm disease, and sudden oak death.

Front 19

Fungi include human toxins, pathogens, allergens, and toxins. What are examples that we talk about in class?

Back 19

Athlete's foot, ringworm, and aspergillosis lung disease

Front 20

What are two fungus growth forms?

Back 20

Single-celled fungi (include yeast) and multicellular fungi.

Front 21

What is hypha?

Back 21

Hypha is individual filaments of a fungus.

Front 22

What is mycelia?

Back 22

Mycelia is a mass of connected hyphae.

Front 23

What is the connection between hypha, mycelia, and multicellular fungi?

Back 23

Hypha make up mycelia, which make up multicellular fungi.

Front 24

How does cytoplasm flow through hyphae?

Back 24

Cytoplasm flows through hypae via pores in the septa. Septum are like the walls between cells in the hypae.

Front 25

How many nuclei do the cells in the hypha have?

Back 25

Hypha can have cells with 1 or 2 nuclei.

Front 26

What parts of the fungi are composed of hyphae?

Back 26

Both the reproductive structure and the mycelium are composed of hyphae.

Front 27

How are the numberous reproductive structures of hyphae connected?

Back 27

Hyphae can have numerous reproductive structures that are all connected underground.

Front 28

What is a monokaryotic cell?

Back 28

Monokaryotic means a cell with one nucleus.

Front 29

What is a dikaryotic cell?

Back 29

Dikaryotic cells have 2 nuclei.

Front 30

Many fungi are saprophytes. What are saprophytes?

Back 30

Saprophytes degrade dead organisms.

Front 31

What are the 2 fungal life strategies?

Back 31

The 2 fungal life strategies are to become saprophytes and have symbiotic relationships.

Front 32

Describe the experiment example involving the endophytic fungi, which lives inside plants.

Back 32

Fewer aphids were found on ryegrass infected with endophytic fungi, showing that endophytic fungi can protect their host from herbivory.

Front 33

What is symbiosis?

Back 33

Symbiosis is an interaction among organisms.

Front 34

What is an interaction that's essential for survival called?

Back 34

Obligate symbiosis is an interaction that's essential for survival.

Front 35

If the fungus can survive without the host, what is that interaction called?

Back 35

Facultative symbiosis is where the fungus can survive without the host.

Front 36

What are the examples of when one organism attacks another organism?

Back 36

Parasites and pathogens are where one organism attacks another organism.

Front 37

What is a relationship where one organism benefits, while the other organism experiences neither benefit nor harm called?

Back 37

A commensal relationship is where one organism benefits, while the other organism experiences neither benefit nor harm.

Front 38

When two organisms co-exist with another organism and both benefit, what is this relationship called?

Back 38

Mutualists benefits both organisms co-existing.

Front 39

Explain the clarification of chitin being a synapomorphy of fungi, choanoflagellates, and animals.

Back 39

All three have chitin. The cell walls of Fungi have chitin. The cell walls of plants and many protists have cellulose, not chitin. Some animals have chitin in their exoskeleton.

Front 40

What are two types of fungal mutualisms?

Back 40

The two types of fungal mutualism are lichens and mycorrhizae.

Front 41

What are lichens?

Back 41

Lichens are fungi that grow in association with a photosynthetic partner.

Front 42

What are mycorrhizae?

Back 42

Mycorrhizae are fungi that live in association with plant roots.

Front 43

What is the fungal component of lichens called?

Back 43

Ascomycota are the fungal component of lichens.

Front 44

How many different types of species of lichens are there?

Back 44

There are more than 15,000 species of lichens.

Front 45

What is the photosynthetic component of lichens?

Back 45

The photosynthetic component of lichens are cyanobacteria or single-celled green algae.

Front 46

Where are lichens found?

Back 46

There's a global distribution, but they are often found in harsh environments.

Front 47

With lichens, what are the benefits of the two organisms?

Back 47

Fungi provide a home. Algae/cyanobactia provide photosynthetic products.

Front 48

What percentage of plant families have mutualistic symbiotic relationships with fungi?

Back 48

Approx 90% of plant families have mutualistic symbiotic relationships with fungi.

Front 49

What are the benefits to plants with mycorrhizae?

Back 49

Plants receive increased uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen, which are additional sources of nutrients for the plant. Also, mycorrhizae protect plant roots against attack by nematodes and pathogenic fungi.

Front 50

What are the 2 types of mycorrhizae?

Back 50

The 2 types of mycorrhizae are arbuscular mycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Front 51

Describe arbuscular mycorrhizae.

Back 51

Arbuscular mycorrhizae is more common (70% of plant species). The fungal hyphae penetrate the root cell walls.

Front 52

Describe ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Back 52

Ectomycorrhizal fungi is less common. It forms sheaths around plant roots. It penetrates between root cells, but not through root cell walls.

Front 53

Describe the summary of fungus lifecycles.

Back 53

2 monokaryotic hypha (n) fuze in fertilization to create a dikaryotic hypha (n+n). That goes through karyogamy to form a diploid structure (2n). That goes through meiosis to form spores (n). That goes through mitosis to form monokaryotic hypha. The cycle repeats.

Front 54

Describe the phylum ascomycota.

Back 54

It contains 75% of known fungi. Ascomycota have reproducing structures with many spore-producing asci. It includes bread yeasts, morels, cup fungi, and truffles.

Front 55

Describe ascomycete reproduction.

Back 55

The 2 monokayotic hypha are a - mating strain and a + mating strain. Those go through fertilization to form dikaryotic hyphae, which make up the ascocarp. That goes through karyogamy, meiosis, and then mitosis to form ascospores, which develop back into monokaryotic hypha.

Front 56

Describe basidiomycete reproduction.

Back 56

2 mating strains go through fertilization to form dikaryotic mycelium. That grows up to form basidiocarp, which has gills lined with basidia. The 2 nuclei of the basidium fuze through karyogamy and form a zygote. That goes through meiosis to form basidiospores, which become the monokaryotic hypha.

Front 57

What are basidiocarps?

Back 57

Basidiocarps are mushrooms.

Front 58

What does the phylum basidiomycota include?

Back 58

The phylum basidiomycota includ mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, etc.

Front 59

What phases do n, n+n, and 2n refer to?

Back 59

n = haploid phase; n+n = dikaryotic phase; 2n = diploid phase.