Bio 106 - Exam 3 - Chapter 30

Front 1

Green plants are _____phyletic.

Back 1

Green plants are monophyletic.

Front 2

Green plants include what 2 groups?

Back 2

Green plants include green algae and land plants.

Front 3

What are 4 reasons for why plants are important?

Back 3

Crops (food), fuel, medicines, ecology.

Front 4

What is the reproductive part of a plant called?

Back 4

Fruit.

Front 5

Discuss "centers of domestication"

Back 5

There are many different places around the world where food plants originate. Around 10,000 years ago, people started growing food all around the world at the same time. May have to do with climate.

Front 6

What's important about Norton grapes?

Back 6

They are the cornerstone of MO wine industry and has some resistance genes.

Front 7

All crops originated from what populations?

Back 7

All crops originated from wild plant populations.

Front 8

What is domestication?

Back 8

The evolution of plants and animals as a result of artificial selection.

Front 9

What are biofuels?

Back 9

Biofuels are biological organisms used for fuel.

Front 10

Most modern medicines were developed from what?

Back 10

Most modern medicines were developed from chemical compounds found in plants.

Front 11

The 1st botinists were who?

Back 11

The first botanists were doctors.

Front 12

Discuss plants' ecosystem services in terms of photosynthesis.

Back 12

Plants produce oxygen and reduce atmospheric CO2 to sugars. Loss of complex plant communities to cultivation and suburbanization has resulted in increased atomospheric concentrations of CO2 (greenhouse gas) leading to global warming.

Front 13

What form the base of the terrestrial food chain?

Back 13

Plants form the base of the terrestrial food chain.

Front 14

What form the base of the aquatic food chain?

Back 14

Bacteria and protists form the base of the aquatic food chain.

Front 15

In the terrestrial food chain, what are the producers?

Back 15

The producers are plants.

Front 16

In the terrestrial food chain, what are the primary consumers?

Back 16

The primary consumers are herbivores that eat plants.

Front 17

In the terrestrial food chain, what are the secondary consumers?

Back 17

The secondary consumers are carnivores that eat animals.

Front 18

In the terrestrial food chain, what are the tertiary consumers?

Back 18

The tertiary consumers are secondary carnivores that eat carnivores.

Front 19

Wind and water erosion are a major problem in the ecosystem. How do plants help?

Back 19

Plant roots help hold the soil in place.

Front 20

What are the four major green plant groups?

Back 20

Green algae, seedless non vascular plants, seedless vascular plants, and vascular seed plants.

Front 21

What does non-vascular mean?

Back 21

Non-vasular = doesn't have xylem or phloem.

Front 22

What do green algae include?

Back 22

chlorophytes, charophytes

Front 23

What do seedless, non-vascular plants include?

Back 23

Bryophytes: mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Front 24

What do seedless vascular plants include?

Back 24

lycophytes, ferns, fern allies

Front 25

What do vascular seed plants include?

Back 25

gymnosperms, angiosperms

Front 26

What are the closest living relatives to land plants?

Back 26

Green algae are the closest living relatives to land plants.

Front 27

What are 3 synapomorphies that unite green algae and land plants?

Back 27

1. photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a & b, carotenoids) 2. cell walls with cellulose 3. storage product (starch)

Front 28

What are 2 examples of Chlorophyta?

Back 28

Chlorophyta include volvox and chlamydomonas.

Front 29

What are 2 examples of Charophyta?

Back 29

Charophyta include chara and coleochaete.

Front 30

Describe the summary of simple green plant lifecycles.

Back 30

2 haploid gametes (n) form a diploid zygote (zygospore in algae) through fertilization. Zygote (2n) goes through meiosis to form spores or strains (n). Those go through mitosis to form the gamete (n).

Front 31

Which green plant groups are almost entirely aquatic plants?

Back 31

Green algae (chlorophytes, charophytes).

Front 32

Which green plant groups are almost entirely terrestrial?

Back 32

Seedless non-vascular plants, seedless vascular plants, and vascular seed plants.

Front 33

What group are the ancestors from which all land plants originated?

Back 33

Green algae are the ancestors from which all land plants originated.

Front 34

What is dessication not a problem for green algae?

Back 34

The entire plant is submerged in an aquatic environment.

Front 35

Why is there no need for a specialized system to transport water and nutrients in green algae?

Back 35

Green algae have a relatively small and simple body.

Front 36

Why is there no need for support tissues in green algae?

Back 36

The cell density of green algae is similar to the density of water.

Front 37

What are two adaptations that allowed land plants to exist that prevent water loss?

Back 37

Cuticle and stomata.

Front 38

What is a cuticle?

Back 38

Cuticle is a waxy layer that prevents water loss from stems and leaves.

Front 39

What are stomata?

Back 39

Stomata have pores that allow gas exchange in photosynthetic tissues.

Front 40

Seed plants have what 2 things?

Back 40

Seed plants have vascular tissue and seeds.

Front 41

Nonvascular plants don't have vascular tissue, which prevent them from doing what?

Back 41

Nonvascular plants don't ahve vascular tissue to conduct water and provide support. They can't grow big and they need to be near the ground for water.

Front 42

Non-vascular plants reproduce by what instead of seeds?

Back 42

Non-vascular plants reproduce by spores.

Front 43

What is a seed?

Back 43

A seed is the product of the fusion of 2 gametes (baby plants) surrounded by nutrients and protective covering.

Front 44

What is a spore?

Back 44

"baby gametophyte" a single haploid cell that divides to form gametophytes. They are not as advanced or as elegant as seeds.

Front 45

Sporophytes produce what and gametophytes produce what?

Back 45

Sporophytes produce spores and gametophytes produce gametes.

Front 46

Describe the summary of most green plant lifecycles.

Back 46

2 gametes (egg and sperm, n) go through fertilization to produce a zygote (2n). That goes through mitosis to form an embryo (2n). That becomes a sporophyte (2n) that goes through meiosis to form spores (n). Those divide by mitosis to produce gametophyte (n), which go through mitosis to produce gametes (n).

Front 47

What is the green part of the moss called and what is the brown part of the moss called?

Back 47

Sporophyte is brown and gametophyte is green.

Front 48

Describe the moss lifecycle.

Back 48

Gametophytes produce gametes (egg and sperm). Water splashes sperm out of antheridia and onto egg. The diploid zygote forms within haploid gametophyte (gametophyte dominant). The zygote goes through mitosis to form the sporophyte, which goes through meiosis to form spores. Spores develop into gametophytes.

Front 49

Why can ferns grow taller than mosses?

Back 49

They have vascular tissue.

Front 50

Describe the fern lifecycle.

Back 50

Sporophyte dominant (dependent on gametophyte when young). Gametophyte are reduced in size and short-lived. Water is required for fertilization. Heart shaped haploid gametophyte become hapoid gametes (sperm, egg). Those go through fertilization to form diploid zygote, which goes through mitosis to form embryo. The fern we see is the adult sporophyte and the brown dots are sporangium, which go through meiosis to form haploid spores. Spores go through mitosis to form gametophytes.

Front 51

What is required for fertilization of ferns?

Back 51

Water.

Front 52

Angiosperms and gymnosperms have seeds. What are 3 parts of the seed?

Back 52

Stored food, integument (seed coat), and embryo.

Front 53

Angiosperms and gymnosperms have pollen. What is pollen?

Back 53

Pollen facilitates the transfer of sperm without water.

Front 54

Seed plants include which 2 distinct monophyletic groups?

Back 54

Seed plants include gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Front 55

Gymnosperms include what 4 categories?

Back 55

cycads, ginkgo, conifers, and gnetophytes.

Front 56

What do angiosperms include?

Back 56

Flowering plants.

Front 57

Why don't seed plants have gametophytes?

Back 57

Gametophytes have been so reduced, you can't see them.

Front 58

Describe the lifecycle of seed plants.

Back 58

Pollen (microspores) containing gametes (egg & sperm) go through fertilization to produce zygote, which goes through mitosis to form embryo. Embryo goes through mitosis to form seed (2n), which becomes sporophyte (tree). Inside cones, diploid sporophytes go through meiosis to form microspores again.

Front 59

What is the main difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Back 59

Angiosperms have flowers and therefore, fruit.

Front 60

What develops into fruit following fertilization?

Back 60

Parts of the flowers develop into fruit following fertilization.

Front 61

The oldest lineages of land plants have swimming gametes and require water for fertilization to occur. What does this limit?

Back 61

Plant size and where/when plants can reproduce.

Front 62

What are 4 evolutionary changes in the life cycle of land plants as they move from water to land?

Back 62

1. shift in dominance from gametophyte to sporophyte generation. 2. shift from sporophyte dependent to sporophyte independent. 3. extreme reduction of gametophyte (pollen grain-male, embryo sac-female). 4. fertilization independent of water.

Front 63

What is "alternation of generations"?

Back 63

When there's a haploid gametophytic part and then a diploid sporophytic part of lifecycle.

Front 64

What are gametophyte dominant and what are sporophyte dominant?

Back 64

Seedless, non-vascular plants are gametophyte dominant. Seedless, vascular plants and seed plants are sporophyte dominant.