Bio 105 Exam 3

Front 1

Clinal Variation

Back 1

changes in phenotype as you move across an ecological gradient

Front 2

Genetic Drift

Back 2

random changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next due to sampling error and acts on small isolated population

Front 3

Lost Allele

Back 3

lost from population

Front 4

Fixed

Back 4

one lost, 2 present

Front 5

Founder effect

Back 5

colonization event in which a subpopulation arrives to a new area but does not reflect genetic variation of source population due to sampling error

Front 6

Bottleneck Effect

Back 6

a drastic reduction in population size due to natural disaster or disease epidemic and leads to reduced genetic variation

Front 7

3 Major Types of Natural Selection

Back 7

Stabilizing, Directional, Disruptive

Front 8

Stabilizing

Back 8

Mean/average phenotype is being selected for

Front 9

Directional

Back 9

shift in average phenotype

Front 10

Disruptive

Back 10

Mean/average phenotype is being selected against

Front 11

Plasmodium falciparum

Back 11

organism responsible for causing malaria

Front 12

Vector

Back 12

transmits disease from one organism to another

Front 13

Sickle Cell anemia

Back 13

recessive

Front 14

Only have malaria if

Back 14

homozygous recessive

Front 15

If you are ___ for sickle cell anemia, you have more ___ to malaria

Back 15

heterozygous; resistance

Front 16

Balancing Selection/Heterozygote Advantage

Back 16

selecting for the heterozygote state

Front 17

Thalassemia

Back 17

if heterozygous, more resistant to malaria

Front 18

G6PD Deficiency

Back 18

if heterozygous, more resistant to malaria

Front 19

Geographic Isolation

Back 19

2 populations separated by geographical barrier

Front 20

Reproductive Isolation

Back 20

populations come together and can't produce fertile offspring

Front 21

Prezygotic Barriers

Back 21

occur before formation of zygote (prevent fertilization)

Front 22

Temporal

Back 22

species reproduce at different times

Front 23

Habitat

Back 23

Species reproduce in different habitats

Front 24

Behavorial

Back 24

species have distinctive courtship behaviors

Front 25

Mechanical

Back 25

special have structural differences in their reproductive organs

Front 26

Gametic

Back 26

gametes of species are chemically incapable

Front 27

Postzygotic barrier

Back 27

after formation of zygote, reduce viability of hybrid

Front 28

hybrid inviability

Back 28

embryo never fully develops; spontaneous abortion

Front 29

hybrid sterility

Back 29

hybrid survives but is unable to reproduce

Front 30

2 types of speciation

Back 30

Allopatic and Simpatric

Front 31

Allopatric

Back 31

main population experiences geographic barrier and interrupts gene flow and causes 2 different species to emerge

Front 32

Simpatric

Back 32

species takes place in same area

Front 33

3 ways simpatic speciation arrises

Back 33

resource allocation, sexual selection, polyploidy

Front 34

polyploidy

Back 34

organism has more than 2 sets of chromosomes

Front 35

unreduced gamete

Back 35

same number of chromosomes as you would have in the diploid state (n=46)

occurs through malfunction in meiosis

Front 36

macroevolution

Back 36

things that occur over millions of years

Front 37

microevolution

Back 37

things that occur in short amount of time

Front 38

hybrid zone

Back 38

2 or more species overlap and produce fertile offspring

Front 39

disjunct distribution

Back 39

range of species is operated by geographical gap

Front 40

Larrea

Back 40

plant grown in deserts and is disjunct in distribution

Front 41

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Back 41

transfer of gene foreman genome to another

Front 42

Rubisco

Back 42

most abundant protein on planet, made up of 2 subunits

Front 43

Amborella

Back 43

tropical vine that is ancestor to all flowering plants

Front 44

Halobacterium

Back 44

archaea that can tolerate high salt concentration

Front 45

Picrophillus

Back 45

archaea that can survive at ph's lower than .5 and temperatures of 60 degrees celsius

Front 46

Deinococcus

Back 46

eubacteria that survives at radiation levels 3000x higher than normal

Front 47

2 possible ways life occurred earth

Back 47

primordial soup or ET

Front 48

Prokaryotic size

Back 48

0.5-5

Front 49

Eukaryotic size

Back 49

10-100

Front 50

Spherical cells

Back 50

cocci

Front 51

rod shaped cells

Back 51

bacilli

Front 52

staphylo

Back 52

cluster

Front 53

strepto

Back 53

filaments of chains

Front 54

spiral shaped cells contain ___ that cause lime disease

Back 54

spirochaetes

Front 55

Eubacteria wall

Back 55

contain peptidoglycon

Front 56

Archaea cell walls

Back 56

contain polysacharides and proteins

Front 57

Ways cells stick to each other

Back 57

capsule and fimbraea

Front 58

Capsul

Back 58

sticky outside that can be composed of polysaccharides and proteins

Front 59

Gram positive cell wall

Back 59

simple cell wall with large amounts of peptidoglycan and have circular chromosomes

Front 60

gram negative cell walls

Back 60

relatively complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan but also have other membranes composed of lipopolysaccharides which are toxic

Front 61

Antibiotic more effective on ____

Back 61

gram positive cell wall

Front 62

Fimbriae

Back 62

little hairs that enable cells to stick to substrate

Front 63

sex pilus

Back 63

tube that connects 2 cells and allows transfer of DNA

Front 64

Vertical Gene Transfer

Back 64

passing genes from one generation to the next

Front 65

3 way Cells move

Back 65

flagellum, cilia, taxis

Front 66

Flagellum composed of

Back 66

motor hook and fillament

Front 67

taxis

Back 67

movement in response to environmental stimuli

Front 68

Over ___% of prokaryotes code for genes

Back 68

90

Front 69

junk DNA

Back 69

doesn't code for genes

Front 70

Binary Fission

Back 70

one cell divides into 2 by asexual reproduction

Front 71

Prokaryotes have ___ rates of evolution because of ___generation times and ___ levels of genetic variation

Back 71

high; short; high

Front 72

3 reasons prokaryotes have genetic variation

Back 72

short generation times, mutation, genetic recombination

Front 73

mutation

Back 73

changes in DNA sequences

Front 74

Genetic Recombination

Back 74

exchange of genetic material

Front 75

Endospore

Back 75

houses organelles and can survive harsh environments for hundreds of years

Front 76

3 methods of genetic recombination

Back 76

transformation, transduction and conjugation

Front 77

transformation

Back 77

uptake of DNA from surrounding environment

Front 78

transduction

Back 78

virus transfers DNA from one genome to another

Front 79

Conjugation

Back 79

transfer of DNA from one cell to another through a sex pilus and are unidirectiontal

Front 80

Viruses are not alive because

Back 80

they don't replicate their own genetic material

Front 81

4 ways viruses use DNA

Back 81

dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA

Front 82

Theory that RNA switched to DNA because

Back 82

viruses

instability of RNA

Front 83

cyanobacteria

Back 83

conduct photosynthesis and release large amount of oxygen

Front 84

folding of ___ structurally developed photosynthetic bacteria

Back 84

plasmalemma

Front 85

Cynobacteria and Symbiosis

Back 85

lichens and water fern

Front 86

heterocysts

Back 86

assist with nitrogen fixation

Front 87

primary endosymbiosis

Back 87

eukaryotic ancestor took up prokaryotic cell and anaerobic bacteria became mitochondria and cyanobacteria became chloroplast

Front 88

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Back 88

eukaryotic cell takes up another eukaryotic cell

Front 89

Bacillariophyta - Diatoms

Back 89

unicellular

15,000 species

2 common morphologies

frustule

fossilize readily

Front 90

2 common morphologies of diatoms

Back 90

Pennate (longitudinal)- fresh water

centric (circular) - marine water

Front 91

frustule

Back 91

hard cell wall that contains sillicates

Front 92

Dinophyta - Dinoflagellates

Back 92

release toxic chemical and cause red tides

symbiotic with choral: zooxanthellae

cell walls made of cellulose

fresh water and marine

bioilluminescence

Front 93

Dinoflagellate that is symbiotic with choral

Back 93

zooxanthellaea

Front 94

bioluminescence

Back 94

certain chemicals give off light

Front 95

Euglenophyta - Euglenoids

Back 95

no cell wall, have special membrane called pellicle made of proteins

eye spot

photosynthetic

can uptake food from surrounding environment

fresh water, brackish

Front 96

Rhodophyta - Red Algae

Back 96

pigment phycoerythrin that reflects red light

unicellular and multicellular

tropical marine waters

cell wall made of agar, cellulose and carrageenan

Front 97

Chrysophyta - Golden Brown Algae

Back 97

cell walls of cellulose and sillicates

Front 98

Xanthrophyta - Yellow Green Algae

Back 98

unknown cell wall

fresh water

Front 99

Cryptophyta - Crytomonads

Back 99

no cell walls

marine and fresh water

Front 100

Prymnesiophyta - Haptophytes

Back 100

tropical marine water

Front 101

Phaeophyta - Brown Algae

Back 101

all multicellular

kelp forests

cell walls of cellulose

cool,marine waters

Front 102

Chlorophyta 3 Major Clades

Back 102

Chlorophycaea, Ulvophycaea and Charophytes

Front 103

Chlorophyta - Green Algae

Back 103

unicellular and multicelluar

fillaments- colony

10,000 species

Front 104

Chlorophycaea

Back 104

2,600 species

marine and fresh water

Front 105

Ulvophycaea

Back 105

dyanmic organisms

marine and fresh water

Front 106

Charophytes

Back 106

marine and fresh water

order charales

Front 107

Order Charales

Back 107

sister to kingdom Plantae

Front 108

Bryophyte 3 Division

Back 108

Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta, Anthocerotophyta

Front 109

Non Vascular Plants

Back 109

poikilohydric

no root system

gametophyte stage

Front 110

Archegonia

Back 110

produce egg cells

Front 111

Antheridia

Back 111

produce sperm cells

Front 112

Bryophyta

Back 112

mosses

10,000 species

Front 113

Marchantiophyta

Back 113

liver warts

2,000 species

2 morphologies

Gammae cups

microscopic sporophytes

Front 114

2 morphologies of Marchantiophyts

Back 114

Thallose - large flat body

Leafy - overlapping leaves

Front 115

Gammae cups

Back 115

undergo sexual reproduction

Front 116

Anthocerotophyta

Back 116

horn warts

less than 100 species

Front 117

Vascular plants

Back 117

spend life in sporophyte

Front 118

Xylem

Back 118

connective tissue that transports water throughout the plant

Front 119

phloem

Back 119

tubes that transport products of photosynthesis throughout plant

Front 120

Homeohydric

Back 120

able to maintain water balance

Front 121

Lycophyta

Back 121

seedless

non flowering

haploid

Front 122

Lycopodiales

Back 122

homosporous : same spore size

Front 123

Strobilus

Back 123

cone like structure where sporangia are found

Front 124

sporangium

Back 124

structure where spores are found

Front 125

In homosporous plants, gametophyte contains __ and ___

Back 125

archegonia and antheridia

Front 126

Selaginellales and Isoetales

Back 126

have sporangia that contain spores that have different sizes : heterosporous

Front 127

Microspore

Back 127

only bears antheridia

Front 128

megaspore

Back 128

only bears archegonia

Front 129

Monilophytes - ferns

Back 129

5 clades

monophyletic group

Front 130

3 major clades of Monilophytes

Back 130

Psilotales- whisk ferns

Equisetopsida - horsetails

polypodiales - letposporangiate ferns

Front 131

Seed plants and Lycophytes are ___ of ferns

Back 131

outgroups

Front 132

Psilotales

Back 132

whisk ferns

2 genera

no leaves

photosynthetic stem

homosporous

Front 133

Equisetopsida

Back 133

horsetails

single genus

10-12 species

no photosynthetic leaves, only stem

sporangia and spores inside strobilus

homosporous

Front 134

Polypodiales

Back 134

Leptosporangia ferns

aquatic ferns heterosporous, all others homo

11,000 species

Front 135

Leptosporangia

Back 135

single epidermal cell where sporangia arise

Front 136

annulus

Back 136

ring of cells that surround sporangium

Front 137

Indusia

Back 137

flap of tissue that protects sporangia

Front 138

sorus

Back 138

reproductive structures found

Front 139

function of annulus

Back 139

help spores disperse by drying out

Front 140

number of spores when released from leptosporangia

Back 140

64