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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a cell?
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a basic building block of all living things
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What is the cell theory?
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cell theory states that all living things are made of more than one cell, is the basic structure for organisms, came from existing cells, and contain hereditary info
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What is a nucleus?
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a membrane lined compartment that encloses DNA in eurkaryotic cells
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What are the basic parts of a nucleus?
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double membrane, nuclear pores, DNA, nucleolus
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What are nuclear pores?
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passage between cytoplasm and nucleus
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What is the nucleolus?
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site of RNA synthesis
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Where can ribosomes be found in a cell?
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outside the nucleus of a cell by the nuclear pores, roaming freely in the cytosol or they can be attached to the ER
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What is the function of ribosomes?
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a "workbench of protein synthesis"
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How are ribosomes related to RNA?
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it works with mRNA
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What is the difference between ribosomes in the cytosol and those attached to the ER?
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Cytosol ribosomes translate proteins used in cell interior. ER ribosomes translate proteins for secretion or use in the cell membrane.
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What is the rough ER?
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rough ER manufactures/transports proteins that are headed towards the membrane and beyond. stacked in cisternae
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What is the smooth ER?
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the smooth ER synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxes drugs/poisons. tubes and vesicles
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In the rough ER and smooth ER, which one participates in protein synthesis and which one does not?
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Rough ER plays a part in protein synthesis and the smooth ER does not
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What is the Golgi Complex? What is its function?
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The golgi complex is the "distribution center". it processes and distributes proteins through cisternae so it's ready to be shipped out of the cell
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How does the golgi complex relate to lysosomes? what are lysosomes?
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lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes to digest macromolecules, and they are only in animal cells. Lysosomes are built in the golgi complex
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What are vesicles?
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vesicles are spherical organelles in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes. They are used in endo/exocytosis to transport things like DNA/ribosomes
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What is the endomembrane system?
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the endomembrane system is a series of inner membranes that function in protein/lipid synthesis and molecule/enzyme storing.
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What are the parts of the endomembrane system?
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nuclear envelope, RER, SER, golgi complex, vesicles, plasma membrane
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Trace the path from a length of a DNA in the nucleus that carries the code for insulin to the release of the hormone in the bloodstream
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-the info of DNA is copied onto mRNA (because it can be exported out of the nucleus).
-the mRNA passes thru nuclear pores and connects to ribosomes -the ribosome latches on to the rough ER and the info from the mRNA is translated -goes thru tunnels of rough ER and then forms a little bubble (vesicle) at the end of the membrane which is a protein (because it's made from amino acid chains) -protein (insulin) goes thru the golgi complex so it's packed and ready to go -it finally gets to the plasma membrane where it latchees on to the phospholipid heads and exports the insulin into the bloodstream |
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What are mitochondria? What is their function?
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Mitrochondria are the "powerhouses". It converts energy from food into the usable form of ATP. It has an outer and inner membrane and there are various numbers of mitochondria can be found in a cell, depending on what cell it is.
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What is the endosymbiotic theory? How does this pertain to mitochondria and chloroplast?
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the endosymbiotic theory believes that some organelles, like choloroplast and mitochondria, were once bacteria that invaded and stayed in cells and then evolved into organisms
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What is the cytoskeleton? What is its function?
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the cytoskeleton is an "internal scaffolding". They play a big part in the cell's structure, movement, and transportation of materials in a cell.
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Name the 3 types of fibers of the cytoskeleton
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microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
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Describe microfilaments
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the smallest of the fibers. they are support/structural filaments that can grow at one end and decompose at another
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Describe intermediate filaments
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most permanent of the cytoskeleton elements--it stabilizes the nucleus and organelles
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Describe microtubules
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largest of the cytoskeleton fibers. tubes of protein called tubulin. plays a big part in cell structure and determines the shape of the cell. it moves organelles/creates mobility (walking proteins-move organelles) (cell extensions: cilia n flagellum-sperm)
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What are lysosomes? What is their function in animal cells?
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contain digestive enzymes/digest macromolecules. only in animal cells, made in the golgi complex.
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What are vacuoles? What is their function in plant cells?
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single membrane organelle that takes up most of the room in plant cells (up to 90%) but theyre only filled with water/waste products. vacuoles help maintain cell shape and size of cell and control the water content. It also breaks down/recycles macromolecules.
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True or false: vacuoles and lysosomes are a part of the endomembrane system
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TRUE!
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What are plastids and their function?
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a diverse group of organelles that make/store food and pigments
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What do plants produce during photosynthesis?
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they harness energy from the sun. they use H2O n CO2 to build carbon backbone of organic molecules. they produce oxygen/food for the world.
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Describe animal cell communication
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gap junction-protein assemblage that forms a communication channel between adjacent animal cells. open as necessary!
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Describe plant cell communication
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plasmodesmata-small cell junctions in a plant cell which connect the cytoplasm of an adjacent plant cell, forming a circulatory/communication system connecting the cells. permanent channels!
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