Bio 105 Blood

Front 1

What is Blood and what is it made up of?

Back 1

A fluid Connective Tissue, composed of

-55% plasma (liquid)

-45% cellular components= (formed elements)

Front 2

What are the four functions of blood?

Back 2

1.Transportation

2.Protection against invasion

3.Blood clotting

4.Regulation

Front 3

Transportation is the first function of blood. What does blood transport?

Back 3

1. Blood is the primary transport medium.

Transports

oxygen,

carbon dioxide,

nutrients,

waste

Front 4

What is blood a protection of?

What does blood contain that does so?

Back 4

Blood defends the body against invasion by pathogens.

Blood contains white blood cells and antibodies

Front 5

What is the function of Blood clotting?

Back 5

3. Blood clotting prevents blood loss due to injury

Front 6

What are the four regulatory functions of blood?

Back 6

4. Blood has regulatory functions

-Temperature

-Salts

-pH

-Water

Front 7

What is the Plasma/Formed Element ratio in blood? What is the Plasma and Formed elements mainly comprised of?

Back 7

-PlasmaLiquid portion of blood (55% of blood volume)

-Made up of 93% water and

- 7% dissolved substances.

-Formed elements(cells) (45% of blood volume)Solid portion of blood made of

-cells and

-platelets

Front 8

Within the blood plasma, which is 93% water and 7% dissolved substances, what products of dissolved substances is blood composed of?

Back 8

1.Plasma proteins

2.Nutrients

3.Ions

4.Salts

5.Dissolved gases

6.Hormones

7.Waste products

Front 9

What is the Plasma Protein- Albumins?

What is its function?

Back 9

Albumins - Needed for the water-balancingproperties of plasma

Front 10

What is the Plasma Protein- Globulins?

What is its function?

Back 10

Globulins - Transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins 

Front 11

What is the Plasma Protein- Clotting Protein? What is its function?

Back 11

Clotting proteins – example: fibrinogen 

Front 12

What is the Plasma Protein- Lipoproteins?

What is its function?

Back 12

Lipoproteins: HDL and LDL - Transport cholesterol 

Front 13

What is the Plasma Protein- Antibodies?

What is its function?

Back 13

Antibodies - provide immunity

Front 14

This type of lipoprotein carries cholesterol away rom the liver__________?

Back 14

LDL - The bad form of cholesterol

"Think L- Liar/ bad"

(Side Note)

The good form of cholesterol HDL, can be remembered as

"H- Heaven/Happy/good"

Front 15

The ratio between plasma and formed elements is:_____________?

Back 15

55:45%

Front 16

What are the 3 components of Formed elements and their function and lifespan?

Back 16

1. Platelets – aid in blood clotting

2. White Blood Cells (WBC) – fight infection

3. Red Blood Cells (RBC) – carry oxygen

- Stem cells give rise to all the formed elements

-Stem cells are in the red bone marrow

Front 17

What is the formed element in the blood- Platelets and its function and lifespan?

Back 17

-Platelets are also called thrombocytes

-They are fragments of larger precursor cells called megakaryocytic

-Life span: 5 to 10 days

-Function: Essential to blood clotting

Front 18

What is the formed element in the blood- White Blood Cells and its function and lifespan?

Back 18

-White blood cells (WBCs) –also called leukocytes -Life span: a few hours to a few days

-Functions:

Help defend the body against disease

Remove wastes, toxins, and damaged and abnormal cells

-Some squeeze through pores in the capillary wall therefore are also found in tissue fluid and in lymphatic system.

Front 19

What is the formed element in the blood- Red Blood Cells and its function and lifespan?

Back 19

-Red blood cells (RBCs) -also called erythrocytes -Most numerous of the formed elements

-Transport oxygen to the rest of the cells

-Carry about 23% of the total carbon dioxide

-Shaped like biconcave disks and are very flexible (Think a red frisbee disk)

-Life span: about 120 days –removed by liver and spleen (see page 203-204)

-Mature RBCs have no nucleus

Front 20

What are the five different forms of White Blood Cells?

Back 20

1.Neutrophils

2.Eosinophils

3.Basophils and Mast cells

4.Monocytes

5.Lymphocytes –T cells, B cells, NKC

Front 21

What is the WBC, Neutrophils and its function?

Back 21

-Most abundant and often the first to respond to an infection.

-Phagocytes –engulf microbes (bacteria).

Front 22

What is the WBC, Eosinophils and its function?

Back 22

-EosinophilsDefend against parasitic worms

-Lessen the severity of allergies and asthma

(It looks like a pair of Lungs)

Front 23

What are the WBCs, Basophils and Mast cells and their function?

Back 23

-BasophilsRelease histamines: A chemical that attracts other white blood cells

-Causes the blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

-Also plays a role in some allergic reactions

-Mast cells are similar to basophils but are found in tissues

Front 24

What is the WBC, Monocytes and its function?

Back 24

-Monocytes: The largest of the formed elements

(Twice the six of the surrounding red blood cells.)

-Develop into macrophages

-Phagocytic cells that engulf invading microbes, dead cells, and cellular debris

Front 25

What is the WBC, Lymphocytes and its function?

Back 25

-B-cells protect us by producing antibodies 

-T-cells destroy any cell that is foreign

-Natural Killer cells attack virus infected cellsand tumor cells

(Its Nucleus takes up the majority of the cell)

Front 26

These WBCs release histamines___________?

Back 26

Basophils

Front 27

These WBCs fight parasite infections____________?

Back 27

Eosinophils

Front 28

The largest WBCs are____________?

Back 28

Monocytes

Front 29

What is the protein, Hemoglobin?

Back 29

 RBCs contain Hemoglobin

 A protein that binds to oxygen, makingoxyhemoglobin

 Hemoglobin has a much greater affinity forcarbon monoxide, an odorless andtasteless gas

Front 30

What is the role of oxygen in the body?

Back 30

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of theelectron transport chain in cellular aerobicrespiration

Front 31

What hormone increases production of Red Blood Cells?

Back 31

Erythropoietin

Front 32

Which of the following produces Erythropoietin?

Back 32

The Kidneys!

Front 33

How are blood types determined?

Back 33

 Genetically determined by the glycoproteinsfound on the surface of RBCs

 Named by the antigen found on the surface ofthe cell

 A

 B

 AB

 O

Front 34

What is the most common and the most rare blood type?

Back 34

 Most common blood type: Type O

 Rarest blood type: Type AB

 The A B O system is used to determine thecompatibility of donor’s and recipient’s blood.

Front 35

Blood types- Donor and Recipient Chart

Back 35

Front 36

Explanation of Antigens and Antibodies via Blood Type Chart.

Back 36

Front 37

What blood type is the universal donor and recipient?

Back 37

 Universal donor blood type: Type O

 Universal recipient blood type: Type AB

 The A B O system is used to determine the compatibility of donor’s and recipient’s blood.

Front 38

What is Agglutination and what causes it?

Back 38

Agglutination = clumping

 Occurs when someone’s antibodies contacta foreign cell

Front 39

What antigen on RBCs are able to pass through the placenta during child bearing?

Back 39

 People have anti-A, and anti-B antibodiesthroughout their life.

 These antibodies are too large to passthrough the placenta.

 There is a different type of antigen onRBCs = Rh factor.

Front 40

How do people develop anti- Rh antibodies?

Back 40

 People only develop anti-Rh antibodies ifthey are exposed to the Rh factor antigen.

 These antibodies are small enough topass through the placenta.

Front 41

How are you determined Rh positive or negative?

Back 41

Rh- factor Another important antigen on RBCs Becomes critical during pregnancies of Rh-negativewomen

 Individuals who have Rh antigens on their RBCsare Rh-positive

Front 42

How would a Rh negative person form anti-Rh antibodies?

Back 42

 Rh-negative person will not form anti-Rhantibodies unless he or she has beenexposed to the Rh antigen

 Transfusion

 Having given birth to a Rh-positive baby

Front 43

How would Rh blood be transmitted to the mother from the fetal child?

Back 43

-First Pregnancy: At birth some of the Rh + blood of the baby could enter the mother's circulation.

-After delivery: The mother forms anti-Rh antibodies over the next few months.

-Second pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus: Anti-Rh antibodies may pass into the fetus's blood, causing its blood cells to burst.

Front 44

What may occur if a mother is exposed to Rh antibodies for a second time?

Back 44

 Hemolytic disease of the newborn

 Anti-Rh antibodies can develop in the mother They can cross the placenta, destroying theRh-positive fetus’s RBCs

 The baby may die or be very anemic

Front 45

What can be given to Rh- mothers to prevent the production of anti-Rh antibodies?

Back 45

 Rhogam

 A serum containing antibodies against theRh antigens

 Given to Rh- mothers to prevent theproduction of anti-Rh antibodies

Front 46

When a blood vessel is cut, what are the 7 main steps of which form a blood clot?

Back 46

When a blood vessel is cut, a series ofevents occur to stop the bleeding. These are the 7 main steps.

1. Vessel damage occurs.

2. Blood vessel constricts/spasms

3. Platelets adhere to damaged site

4. Clotting factors are released at the site ofthe injury

5. The clotting factors activate inactiveproteins in a cascade

6. At the end of the cascade Fibrin strandsform and trap blood cells, and plateletsform a mesh work forming a clot andsealing the damaged vessel.

7. Clot contracts and pulls damaged edgestogether, further sealing the opening.

Front 47

What is needed for the liver to synthesize several clotting factors?

What can inhibit platelets from sticking together?

Back 47

 Vitamin K is needed for the liver tosynthesize several clotting factors.

 Aspirin inhibits platelets from stickingtogether.

Front 48

What is the genetic disorder, Hemophilia?

Back 48

 There are genetic disorders, including hemophilia, which interfere with the clotting process

Front 49

Can blood type A donate to blood type B?

Back 49

No! They would die.

A can only donate to A or AB.

Front 50

Can blood type AB donate to blood type B?

Back 50

No! AB can only donate to AB

Front 51

Can blood type A donate to blood type AB?

Back 51

Yes! A can donate to A or AB

Front 52

Universal recipient blood type is_____________?

Back 52

AB is the universal recipient because they can receive blood from A, B, AB, or O.

(Type O is the universal donor.)

Front 53

What is Anemia?

What can cause it and what are the possible symptoms?

Back 53

 Anemia -Several types

 The blood’s ability to carry oxygen isreduced

 Can result from too little hemoglobin, too fewred blood cells, or both

 Symptoms: Fatigue, headaches, dizziness, paleness,breathlessness, and heart palpitations

Front 54

What is Iron Deficiency Anemia and its possible causes?

Back 54

 Iron deficiency anemia

 Most common

 Leads to inadequate hemoglobin production Causes

 A diet that contains too little iron

 An inability to absorb iron from the digestivesystem

 Blood loss

Front 55

What is Hemolytic Anemia and its possible causes?

Back 55

 Hemolytic anemias

 Occur when red blood cell destructionexceeds production

 Causes

 Infections

 Defects in the membranes of RBCs

 Transfusion of mismatched blood

 Hemoglobin abnormalities

Front 56

What is Sickle-cell Anemia? What are its causes and possible effects?

Back 56

 Sickle-cell anemia

 An example of a hemolytic anemia

 Caused by genetically abnormal hemoglobin

 RBCs form a sickle shape when the blood’soxygen content is low

 Results in RBCs that are fragile and ruptureeasily, clogging small blood vessels andpromoting clot formation

Front 57

What is Pernicious Anemia? What are its possible causes?

Back 57

 Pernicious anemia

 Occurs when there is insufficient production of redblood cells

 RBC production depends on the availability ofvitamin B12

 Absorption of vitamin B12 depends on a proteincalled intrinsic factor

 Lack of vitamin B12 due to the lack of intrinsic factorsecretion from the stomach lining

Front 58

What is Lukemia?

Back 58

 Leukemia

 A cancer of the WBCs that causes the number ofWBCs to increase

 These cells do not function as normal WBCs

Front 59

Plasma

Back 59

The colorless fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk, in which corpuscles or fat globules are suspended.

Front 60

formed elements

Back 60

-cells

-platelets

(The thicker part of blood)

Front 61

hemoglobin

Back 61

A protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs.

Front 62

oxyhemoglobin

Back 62

A bright red substance formed by the combination of hemoglobin with oxygen, present in oxygenated blood.

Front 63

Stem cells

Back 63

A class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types.

Front 64

thrombocytes

Back 64

another term for platelet.

Front 65

megakaryocytes

Back 65

A megakaryocyte (mega- + karyo- + -cyte, "large-nucleus cell") is a large bone marrow cell with a lobulated nucleus responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets), which are necessary for normal blood clotting.

Front 66

leukocytes

Back 66

A colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease; a white (blood) cell. There are several types, all amoeboid cells with a nucleus, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.

Front 67

phagocytes

Back 67

A type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

Front 68

histamine

Back 68

A chemical that attracts other white blood cells

Front 69

permeable

Back 69

(of a material or membrane) allowing liquids or gases to pass through it.

Front 70

erythrocytes

Back 70

A red blood cell that (in humans) is typically a biconcave disc without a nucleus. Erythrocytes contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.

Front 71

biconcave

Back 71

"Concave (dent) on both sides of the RBC"

The 'dent' in each side of a red blood cell, its small size, increases the amount of surface area in relation to the volume of the cell, giving it a large surface area to volume ratio. This large surface area means that oxygen can diffuse quickly into or out of the cell

Front 72

erythropoietin

Back 72

Erythropoietin (also known as EPO) is a growth factor that stimulates the production of red blood cells. Most of the cells in the blood are red blood cells, whose main function is to carry oxygen throughout the body. Erythropoietin is used to treat anemia resulting from kidney failure or cancer treatment.

Front 73

bilirubin

Back 73

An orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile.

Front 74

glycoproteins

Back 74

Any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain. Also called glycopeptide.

Front 75

antibodies

Back 75

A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.

Front 76

antigen

Back 76

A toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

Front 77

lipoproteins

Back 77

any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.

Front 78

High density lipoproteins

Back 78

A lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the blood and is associated with a reduced risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease.

HDL cholesterol is considered “good” cholesterol because it helps remove LDL cholesterol from the arteries. Experts believe HDL acts as a scavenger, carrying LDL cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver, where it is broken down and passed from the body.

Front 79

Low density lipoproteins

Back 79

The form of lipoprotein in which cholesterol is transported in the blood.

LDL cholesterol is considered the “bad” cholesterol because it contributes to plaque, a thick, hard deposit that can clog arteries and make them less flexible. If a clot forms and blocks a narrowed artery, heart attack or stroke can result