Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
259 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Annelid: Organization of tissues
|
Triploblast
|
|
|
Annelid: Type of symmetry
|
Bilateral symmetry
|
|
|
Annelid: Body Plan
|
Tube-within-a-tube
|
|
|
Annelid: Type of coelom
|
Eucoelom
|
|
|
Annelid: Protostomes or Deuterostomes
|
Protostomes
|
|
|
Annelid: Segmentation
|
Segmented
|
|
|
What type of skeleton do annelids have?
|
hydrostatic skeleton
|
|
|
What structures separate the segments of annelids?
|
Septa
|
|
|
What are nephridia?
|
Kidney-like organs
|
|
|
What type of circulatory system do annelids have?
|
Closed circulatory system with paired blood vessels that run the length of the body to every segment and five hearts that pump the blood.
|
|
|
How is gas exchange accomplished in annelids?
|
Gas exchange is through the body wall.
|
|
|
Describe the nervous system of annelids.
|
Consists of a brain, a ventral nerve cord and ganglia in each segment
|
|
|
What are setae?
|
Setae are small bristles or hair that occur on each segment. They function as locomotion for motile species and anchorage for sessile species
|
|
|
List and describe three classes of annelids.
|
Three classes of annelids are (1) polychaeta, which are marine worms with bundles of setae attached to parapodia (paddle-like appendages) on most segments; (2) oligochaeta, which are primarily freshwater or terrestrial worms, like earthworms; and (3) hirudinea, which are leeches
|
|
|
Name two different types of polychaetes.
|
Motile predators (like clam worms) and sessile filter feeders (like Christmas tree worms)
|
|
|
What are parapodia?
|
parapodia are paddle-like appendages that function in locomtion for motile species, anchorage in sessile species, and gas exchange for some species
|
|
|
Name an annelid with obvious cephalization.
|
clam worms are annelids with obvious cephalization
|
|
|
Describe the feeding pattern of clam worms.
|
clam worms are motile polychaetes that use powerful jaws to prey on crustaceans and other small animals
|
|
|
Describe the feeding pattern of tube worms.
|
tube worms are sessile polychaetes with long ciliated tentacles which form a fan. The cilia direct food into the mouth
|
|
|
Describe the reproduction of clam worms.
|
Possess reproductive organs just during breeding season; many worms coordinate to shed a portion of their bodies, which contain either eggs or sperm, which float to the surface where fertilization takes place, resulting in trocophore larvae, which suggest relatedness to molluscs
|
|
|
What is an epitoke?
|
A gamete-producing part of the body that is shed during the reproductive process to float or swim to the water surface in fertilization swarms.
|
|
|
What type of larvae do clam worms produce? What is the evolutionary significance of this?
|
Trocophore larvae, whose evolutionary significance is the suggestion of relatedness to bivalve molluscs
|
|
|
What is an oligochaete?
|
Freshwater and terrestrial annelids, such as earthworms, that have few setae, and no parapodia
|
|
|
Describe the feeding pattern of earthworms.
|
Earthworms have a specialized gut for feeding on dead organic matter in the soil; this includes pharynx, crop, gizzard, and a long gut with typhlosole that increases surface area for absorption; waste is eliminated through anus as casts.
|
|
|
Describe the reproduction of oligochaetes.
|
Hermaphroditic sexual reproduction; clitellum band two worms together with thick bands of mucuous; the sperm is transferred from the seminal vessicles of one animal to the seminal receptacles of the other through mucous channels. When the worms separate, the clitellum secretes another band of mucous to slip over the head end; the egg and sperm are deposited in this band, which is now a cocoon full of fertilized eggs that hatch into tiny earthworms.
|
|
|
What is the Clitellum, and what is its function?
|
the clitellum is a thickened glandular section of the body wall that secretes a viscid sac in which eggs are deposited.
|
|
|
What do we commonly call members of the class Hirudinea?
|
Leeches
|
|
|
What is hirudin?
|
anticoagulant produced by leeches
|
|
|
Arthropods: Organization of tissues
|
triploblast
|
|
|
Arthropods: Type of symmetry
|
bilateral
|
|
|
Arthropods: Body Plan
|
tube-within-a-tube
|
|
|
Arthropods: Type of coelom
|
eucoelom
|
|
|
Arthropods: Protostomes or Deuterostomes
|
protostomes
|
|
|
Arthropods: Segmentation
|
yes
|
|
|
List the five characteristics that make the arthropods so successful.
|
Characteristics contributing to arthropod success include (1) jointed chitin exoskeleton; (2) segmentation for specialization; (3) well-developed nervous system; (4) a variety of respiratory organs, and (5) metamorphosis
|
|
|
Of what material is the arthropod exoskeleton made?
|
chitin
|
|
|
What is molting?
|
molting is the process of shedding an exoskeleton to enable the organism to grow
|
|
|
Describe the nervous system of arthropods.
|
Very annelid-like; consists of well-developed brain, ventral nerve cord and ganglia in each segment; two kinds of eyes are present in most arthropods
|
|
|
What two kind of eyes do arthropods have?
|
simple eyes (ocelli) and compound eyes (ommatidium)
|
|
|
Define ocelli.
|
simple eyes, capable of some image formation, but not great for it.
|
|
|
What is one element of a compound eye called?
|
ommatidium
|
|
|
Describe four different types of respiratory organs in arthropods.
|
feathery gills; book gills; book lungs; spiracles (pores) and trachea
|
|
|
What is metamorphosis?
|
Process in which the larval form changes its entire body form and physiology to become an adult
|
|
|
What is an ecological advantage of metamorphosis?
|
adults and larvae do not compete with one another for food
|
|
|
What type of circulatory system do most arthropods have?
|
generally open
|
|
|
What color is insect hemolymph?
|
blue
|
|
|
Name three subphyla of arthropods.
|
Three arthropod subphyla include (1) chelicerata in which the first pair of appendages are pincer-like mouth parts called chelicerae; (2) crustacea, which typically have 5 pairs of appendages on the head and two branches on each of the walking legs; (3) uniramia, with one-branched walking legs
|
|
|
Name two classes of chelicerates.
|
arachnids (spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks); and merostomata (horseshoe crabs and sea spiders)
|
|
|
What are the major body regions of chelicerates?
|
cephalothorax and abdomen
|
|
|
What are chelicerae?
|
the first pair of appendages are pincer-like mouth parts called chelicerae
|
|
|
How many legs do chelicerates have?
|
eight
|
|
|
To which body region are the legs of chelicerates attached?
|
cephalothorax
|
|
|
Name and describe the respiratory organs in chelicerates.
|
book gills for water species and book lungs in terrestrial species
|
|
|
What is the primary oxygen-carrying molecule in the hemolymph of chelicerates?
|
hemocyanin
|
|
|
What are spinnerets and which chelicerates have them?
|
little spinners in spiders for making webs
|
|
|
What are the major body regions of crustaceans?
|
large cephalothorax covered by a carapace, and a segmented abdomen
|
|
|
What is a carapace?
|
large unjointed exoskeleton covering the cephalothorax in crustaceans
|
|
|
How many appendages appear on the head of crustaceans?
|
the crustacean's cephalothorax typically has 5 pairs of biramous appendages, in which one branch is for locomotion and the other is a gill
|
|
|
Name the appendages that appear on the head of crustaceans.
|
antennae, and attenules (sensory organs in front of the mouth), mandibles (jaws), first maxillae and second maxillae (that assist in feeding)
|
|
|
How many legs do crustaceans have?
|
10
|
|
|
To which body region are the legs of crustaceans attached?
|
cephalothorax
|
|
|
Describe the legs of crustaceans.
|
biramous, meaning they have a locomotive branch and a respiratory branch
|
|
|
What does biramous mean?
|
two-branched
|
|
|
What are decapods?
|
10-legged animals such as lobster, crabs, crayfish, hermit crabs, and shrimp
|
|
|
What is the primary oxygen-carrying molecule in the hemolymph of decapods?
|
hemocyanin
|
|
|
What are the two main components of the decopod stomach?
|
gastric mill with chitin teeth behind the mouth, and cardiac stomach near the heart, with the enzymes for digestion
|
|
|
What is the Green Gland?
|
the green gland extracts wastes from the hemolymph, and pumps them through a pore; it lies in the hemocoel beneath the brain
|
|
|
Describe the nervous system of decapods.
|
Essentially identical to annelids, with brain, a ventral nerve cord and ganglia in each segment
|
|
|
Describe the reproduction of decapods.
|
Ovaries open at bases of the 3d walking legs; sperm ducts opens between 5th pair of walking legs; male uses first pair of swimmerets to pass sperm from his sperm duct to the female's sperm receptacle – a stiff fold between 4th and 5th pair of walking legs; fertilized eggs are attached to female's swimmerets
|
|
|
Does metamorphosis occur in decapods?
|
no, the young hatchlings are miniature adults
|
|
|
What are the main body regions of uniramians?
|
head, thorax, abdomen
|
|
|
How many appendages appear on the heads of uniramians?
|
3
|
|
|
Describe the appendages that appear on the heads of uniramians.
|
Three pairs of appendages on the head: (1) antennae, (2) mandibles (3) maxillae
|
|
|
Describe the legs of uniramians.
|
One branch, hence "uniramian" – "one branch"
|
|
|
What does uniramous mean?
|
one branch
|
|
|
Name three classes of uniramians.
|
insecta (insects); diplopoda (millipedes); chilopoda (centipedes)
|
|
|
How many legs do insects have? To which body region are they attached?
|
6 legs attached to the abdomen
|
|
|
How many wings do the typical insect have?
|
4 (two pair)
|
|
|
What is an elytra?
|
forewings that are modified to protect the flying hindwings
|
|
|
What is a tympanum and where is it located?
|
specialized membrane stretched across an empty space – used as a hearing organ; the location varies with the species and is used for classification; grasshoppers' are on the lateral surface of the first abdominal segment
|
|
|
What are Malpighian tubules?
|
part of the excretory system which absorb nitrogenous wastes from the hemocoel and excrete them into the intestine
|
|
|
Where do Malpighian tubules empty?
|
into the intestine
|
|
|
Describe the insect respiratory system.
|
spiracles, which are pores in the body wall, lead to the trachea; the trachea branch often and the smallest branches end in moist areas where gas exchange can take place
|
|
|
What is the primary oxygen-carrying molecule in the hemolymph of insects?
|
N/A. Gas exchange is direct via the trachea and spiracles
|
|
|
What is a spiracle?
|
Pores in the body wall of insects, which lead to small tubules called trachea and are part of the respiratory function
|
|
|
What is parthenogenesis?
|
Virgin birth – reproduction without sex
|
|
|
What is incomplete metamorphosis?
|
the young are born as miniature versions of adults called nymphs, that transform into adults via a series of molts
|
|
|
What event separates the instars in incomplete metamorphosis?
|
molting series
|
|
|
What are the stages in complete metamorphosis of insects?
|
larvae (caterpillar), pupae (cocoon), adult (butterfly)
|
|
|
What are chilopods?
|
centipedes
|
|
|
Describe the feeding patterns of chilopods?
|
active predators that use poison fangs to stun and immobilize their prey
|
|
|
What are diplopods?
|
millipedes
|
|
|
Describe the feeding patterns of diplopods?
|
scavengers of dead organic material
|
|
|
Echinodermata: Organization of tissues
|
triploblast
|
|
|
Echinodermata: Type of symmetry
|
radial
|
|
|
Echinodermata: Body Plan
|
tube-within-a-tube
|
|
|
Echinodermata: Type of coelom
|
eucoelom
|
|
|
Echinodermata: Protostomes or Deuterostomes
|
deuterostomes
|
|
|
Echinodermata: Segmentation
|
no
|
|
|
What does the blastopore become in echinoderms?
|
anus
|
|
|
Describe cleavage in echinoderm embryos.
|
radial / indeterminate cleavage
|
|
|
What is meant by pentamerous symmetry?
|
a distinctive 5-pointed radial symmetry
|
|
|
Describe how echinoderm larvae differ from adults.
|
the larvae are bilaterally symmetrical
|
|
|
What kind of skeleton do echinoderms have?
|
an endoskeleton of ossicles
|
|
|
What are ossicles?
|
spiny, calcium-rich plates
|
|
|
What is the water vascular system? What are tube feet?
|
consists of canals and appendages that function in locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and sensory reception
|
|
|
What is the class name of sea stars (starfish)?
|
class Astereoidea
|
|
|
Do starfish have eyes? Describe them.
|
yes – of sorts; there's an eyespot at the end of each arm with some image formation
|
|
|
Describe the feeding process of starfish.
|
pries open shells with its arms and then everses its cardiac stomach into the bivalve, secreting enzymes that begin digestion while the prey is still alive
|
|
|
What is an eversible stomach?
|
an eversible stomach can be put into any small hole (for example, a cracked open bivalve shell)
|
|
|
What is the class name of sea cucumbers?
|
holothuroida
|
|
|
Describe the feeding process of sea cucumbers.
|
filter feeding or probing the mud
|
|
|
What is evisceration?
|
a defense mechanism consisting of the expulsion of coelomic organs to ensnare the predator
|
|
|
What is the class name of sea urchins and sand dollars?
|
echinoidea
|
|
|
Describe the feeding process of sea urchins.
|
they use a very complex pentamerous jaw apparatus called Aristotle's Lantern which can gnaw into coral reefs
|
|
|
What are crinoids and how do they feed?
|
feather stars and sea lilies; filter feeders
|
|
|
Chordates: Organization of tissues
|
triploblast
|
|
|
Chordates: Type of symmetry
|
bilateral symmetry
|
|
|
Chordates: Body Plan
|
tube-within-a-tube
|
|
|
Chordates: Type of coelom
|
eucoelom
|
|
|
Chordates: Protostomes or Deuterostomes
|
deuterostomes
|
|
|
Chordates: Segmentation
|
yes
|
|
|
What are the three subphyla of chordates?
|
urochordata (sea squirts), cephalochordata (lancelets); vertebrata (back-boned animals)
|
|
|
What characteristic differentiates lancelets and sea squirts from all other chordates?
|
no vertebrae
|
|
|
What characteristic differentiates agnathans from chondrichthyes?
|
agnathans don't have jaws, while chondrichthyes do.
|
|
|
What characteristic differentiates chondrichthyes from osteichthyes?
|
cartilage in chondrichthyes v. bones in osteichthyes
|
|
|
What characteristic differentiates osteichthyes from amphibians?
|
osteichthyes have no limbs while amphibians have limbs
|
|
|
What characteristic differentiates amphibians from reptiles?
|
reptiles have amniotic eggs while amphibian eggs require water
|
|
|
What characteristic differentiates reptiles from birds?
|
feathers in birds
|
|
|
What characteristic differentiates mammals from reptiles and birds?
|
hair and mammary glands differentiate mammals from reptiles and birds
|
|
|
What are the four unique characteristics that all chordates share?
|
Four characteristics unique to chordates are (1) notochord, (2) dorsal tubular nerve cord, (3) pharyngeal gill pouches, and (4) post-anal tail
|
|
|
What replaces the notochord in vertebrates?
|
vertebral column
|
|
|
What replaces the dorsal hollow nerve cord in vertebrates?
|
the brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
What happens to the pharyngeal pouches in humans?
|
the first pair of pouches become the auditory tubes, the second become tonsils, the third pair becomes the thymus and the fourth pair becomes the parathyroid glands
|
|
|
What are urochordates?
|
"sea squirts," mostly small filter feeders in shallow marine waters or reefs
|
|
|
What kind of larvae do urochordates have?
|
"tadpole" larvae that probably gave rise to the rest of the chordates via neotony
|
|
|
What is the evolutionary significance of the larvae of urochordates?
|
They probably gave rise to the rest of the chordates via neotony
|
|
|
What are cephalochordates?
|
Cephalochordates have a notochord that persists into adulthood. The notochord extends from the tail to the head, accounting for the name of this subphylum.
|
|
|
Of what evolutionary significance are cephalochordates?
|
These animals represent the vestiges of early chordate evolution, with many evolutionists
|
|
|
Name eight characteristics of vertebrates.
|
Characteristics of vertebrates include: (1) spinal cord (nerve cord) replaced by vertebrae, (2) living endoskeleton that grows with the animal, (3) rapid and efficient movement, (4) closed circulatory system, (5) usually paired appendages, (6) efficient respiration and excretion, (7) high degree of cephalization to support an active lifestyle, (8) usually dioecious sexual reproduction
|
|
|
What are agnathans?
|
Jawless fishes including lampreys and hagfishes.
|
|
|
What is the agnathan skeleton like?
|
They lack a bony skeleton
|
|
|
How do agnathans feed?
|
Hagfish are scavengers while lampreys are filter feeders and parasites
|
|
|
What does the body of an agnathan look like?
|
Cylindrical body form up to 1 m long
|
|
|
What are Chondrichtyes?
|
Cartilaginous fish like sharks
|
|
|
What distinguishes Chondrichthyes from Agnatha?
|
Jaws
|
|
|
What is the chondrichthyes skeleton like?
|
Cartilaginous
|
|
|
Describe the gills of chondrichthyes.
|
Chondrichthyes gills lack gill covers.
|
|
|
Describe the scales of a shark.
|
Shark scales are placoid (tooth-like).
|
|
|
Why are there so many shark tooth fossils?
|
Shark teeth are enlarged scales, continually growing
|
|
|
What is the lateral line system of sharks?
|
The lateral line system is a series of pressure-sensitive cells that lie within canals along both sides of the body.
|
|
|
What sense do sharks have that we lack?
|
The ability to sense electrical currents.
|
|
|
What are osteichthyes?
|
Bony fish
|
|
|
What is the skin of osteichthyes like?
|
Scaly
|
|
|
What are the gills of osteichthyes like?
|
Covered
|
|
|
What is an operculum?
|
The cover for a gill
|
|
|
Describe the circulatory system of osteichthyes.
|
Bony fish have a closed, single-loop ciculatory system with a two-chambered heart.
|
|
|
What are the two general kinds of bony fishes?
|
Ray-finned bony fish and lobe-finned bony fish.
|
|
|
Which kind of bony fish is most common?
|
Ray-finned
|
|
|
Describe the reproduction and early development of most fishes.
|
Sperm and eggs are shed into the water.
|
|
|
What is a swim bladder?
|
A gas-filled sac whose pressure can be altered to regulate buoyancy and depth.
|
|
|
What differentiates lobe-finned fish from ray-finned fish?
|
Fleshy fins supported by central bones (v. bony rays)
|
|
|
What is the evolutionary significance of lobe-finned fish?
|
Considered ancestral to amphibians.
|
|
|
What are lungfish?
|
Lobe-finned fish with primitive lungs
|
|
|
What are amphibians?
|
ectothermic tetrapods that live on land and in water; the name refers to the need for amphibians to return to water during their life cycle
|
|
|
What characteristic differentiates osteichthyes from amphibians?
|
Limbs
|
|
|
How do you differentiate the frogs and toads from the newts and salamanders?
|
salamanders and newts have elongated bodies and move with a sinusoidal movement similar to a swimming fish while frogs and toads jump and are tailless
|
|
|
Describe the amphibian circulatory system.
|
Closed, double-loop circulatory system with a three-chambered heart; oxygen rich and poor blood mix.
|
|
|
Describe the skin of amphibians.
|
Thin, smooth, and mucousy to play an active role in respiration to supplement the limited capability of the circulatory system.
|
|
|
Why is amphibian skin usually moist?
|
To facilitate gas exchange in support of respiration.
|
|
|
What are poison dart frogs?
|
Frogs who exude a protective toxin, used by indigenous people to tip darts used for hunting.
|
|
|
What does ectothermic mean?
|
Depend on environmental temperatures to regulate their body temperatures.
|
|
|
What does torpor mean?
|
An inactive, hibernation-like state.
|
|
|
Describe the reproduction of salamanders.
|
Salamanders practice internal fertilization; in most, males produce a sperm-containing spermatophore that females pick up with their cloaca. Then the eggs are laid in water or on land, depending on the species.
|
|
|
Describe the reproduction of American Toads.
|
External fertilization; males establish territories and being calls; they use the "amplexus" posture and conduct external fertilization. Males have a "release call" to stop an inadvertant mounting by another male.
|
|
|
What environmental requirement do amphibian eggs have?
|
They need water.
|
|
|
Describe metamorphosis in amphibians.
|
Gills are replaced by lungs, hind legs and then front legs develop.
|
|
|
What is the respiratory mechanism in amphibian larvae?
|
gills
|
|
|
What is the respiratory mechanism in amphibian adults?
|
lungs
|
|
|
What is the locomotion mechanism in amphibian larvae?
|
Swimming (tail)
|
|
|
What is the locomotion mechanism in amphibian adults?
|
Hopping (legs)
|
|
|
What are amniotes?
|
Protection for the embryo, particularly from dessication; the amniotic egg contains extraembryonic membranes, which protect the embryo, remove nitrogenous wastes, and provid ethe embryo with oxygen, food, and water; one of the membranes, the amnion, is a sac ethat fills with fluid and provid "private pond" within which the embryo develops
|
|
|
What’s the advantage of amniotic eggs?
|
Protection, especially from dessication, which is a terrestrial adaptation
|
|
|
Why do most biologists consider reptilian a paraphyletic class?
|
Birds are more closely related to crocodiles than lizards are
|
|
|
Are lizards more closely related to snakes or crocodiles?
|
Lizards are more closely related to snakes than crocodiles
|
|
|
Are crocodiles more closely related to lizards or birds?
|
Crocodiles are more closely related to birds than lizards
|
|
|
Are lizards more closely related to birds or turtles?
|
Birds are more closely related to lizards than turtles
|
|
|
Describe a reptile’s skin.
|
A thick, scaly skin that is keratinized and impervious to water
|
|
|
What is keratin and what’s its function in reptile skin?
|
A protein also found in hair, fingernails, and feathers
|
|
|
Why are reptile lungs more efficient than amphibians (except for turtles)?
|
Reptiles have an expandable rib cage.
|
|
|
Describe the reptile circulatory system.
|
Most are approaching a four-chambered heart to segregate oxygen-rich blood from oxygen-poor blood.
|
|
|
In what form is nitrogenous waste excreted in reptiles?
|
Urine rich in uric acid
|
|
|
Are reptiles ectothermic or endothermic?
|
Ectothermic
|
|
|
What’s the ecological significance of ectothermic vice endothermic?
|
Ectothermic animals consume less food.
|
|
|
What is unique about tuataras?
|
The parietal eye (a third, skin-covered eye in the middle of the forehead)
|
|
|
What type of reptile bellows?
|
Male crocodiles bellow to attract mates
|
|
|
What type of reptile is the best parent?
|
Alligator parents will come to the aid of their bellowing young
|
|
|
What differentiates turtles from other reptiles?
|
A heavy shell fused to the ribs and to the thoracic vertebrae
|
|
|
Do turtles have teeth?
|
No
|
|
|
What evidence is there that sea turtles evolved from terrestrial organisms?
|
They return to land to lay their eggs
|
|
|
What characteristics generally separate lizards from snakes?
|
Snakes lost their legs.
|
|
|
Why is the Mesozoic era often called the age of reptiles?
|
Reptiles dominated the earth for about 170M years during the Mesozoic era.
|
|
|
Describe the most common theory for the extinction of dinosaurs.
|
Meteor strike
|
|
|
What is the distinguishing characteristic for the class Aves?
|
Feathers
|
|
|
How did feathers arise evolutionarily?
|
A single mutation in a single gene for scales ended up as feathers
|
|
|
What was thought to be the original function of feathers?
|
Insulation first, then flight
|
|
|
Are birds ectothermic or endothermic?
|
Endothermic
|
|
|
Do birds have teeth?
|
No
|
|
|
What is a bird’s beak made of?
|
Keratin
|
|
|
What’s the point of a wishbone?
|
To withstand the rigors of flight
|
|
|
Describe a bird’s circulatory system.
|
Closed, double-looped, four-chambered heart that segregates oxygen-rich from oxygen-poor blood, and an extensive air sac system to maximize gas exchange.
|
|
|
How many chambers does a bird’s heart have? How is this an advantage?
|
Four-chambered heart that segregates oxygen-rich from oxygen-poor blood
|
|
|
Describe a bird’s respiratory system.
|
Respiration is efficient since the lobular lungs connect to anterior and posterior air sacs. The presence of these sacs means the air circulates one way through the lungs, and gases are continuously exchanged across respiratory tissues, while the body and bones are lightened for flying.
|
|
|
What characteristics are used to classify birds?
|
Based on beak and foot types with some on habitats and behaviors. You have hawks 'n stuff, swallows 'n stuff, and ducks 'n stuff.
|
|
|
Why is the bird nervous system so well developed?
|
The advanced nervous system is an adaptation for flight.
|
|
|
Why is the portion of the brain responsible for instinctive behaviors so overdeveloped?
|
An adaptation for flight – enables quick response in a fast-paced environment.
|
|
|
What’s the benefit of migration?
|
Enables the use of widespread food sources.
|
|
|
What characteristics differentiate mammals from birds and reptiles?
|
Big brains, hair and mammary glands
|
|
|
What’s unique about mammalian teeth?
|
Mammalian teeth are differentiated into molars and premolars
|
|
|
When did mammals first evolve?
|
True mammals appeared during the Jurassic period, about the same time as the first dinosaurs
|
|
|
Are mammals ectotherms or endotherms?
|
Endotherms
|
|
|
What’s the function of hair?
|
Provides insulation against heat loss and allows mammals to be active in cold weather
|
|
|
Describe the circulatory system of mammals.
|
Closed, double-looped, with a four-chambered heart
|
|
|
How many chambers does a mammal’s heart have? Why is this important?
|
Four chambers to segregate oxygen-rich from oxygen-poor blood to maintain the high level of respiration needed to support homeothermy.
|
|
|
Name three kinds of mammals.
|
Monotremes (lay eggs), Marsupials (incubate young in pouches), Placentals (gestate internally)
|
|
|
Name two kinds of monotreme.
|
Duckbilled platypus and the spiny anteater in Australia
|
|
|
What distinguishes monotremes?
|
They have a cloaca and lay hard-shelled amniotic eggs
|
|
|
What distinguishes marsupials?
|
Pouches; marsupials begin development inside the mother's body but are then born in a very immature state
|
|
|
Name a native American marsupial.
|
Opossum
|
|
|
What distinguishes a placental mammal?
|
The capability to carry children internally (in a placenta), enabling the young to be born in a relatively advanced stage of development
|
|
|
Name three types of placental mammal.
|
hoofed mammals (two orders), Order Carnivora, Order Primates, and many more
|
|
|
What effect does the long gestation have on brains?
|
Long gestation allows development of the cerebral hemispheres.
|
|
|
Name two different types of hoofed mammals.
|
Odd-toed (Perissodactyla) and even-toed (Artiodactyla).
|
|
|
In what kind of habitat are hoofed mammals adapted?
|
Grasslands
|
|
|
Describe the feeding patterns of hoofed mammals.
|
Grazing
|
|
|
What distinguishes the order Carnivora?
|
Most are meat eaters
|
|
|
What distinguishes primates?
|
Big-brained, arboreal animals
|
|
|
Name three different kinds of primate.
|
Lemurs, monkeys, apes, and hominids
|
|
|
What are cetaceans?
|
About 80 species of whales and dolphins
|
|
|
What are members of the order Chiroptera called?
|
Bats
|
|
|
What characteristic defines a rodent? Name three rodents.
|
Incisors that grow continuously; rats, squirrels, beavers.
|
|
|
Name a species of Probocidea.
|
Elephants
|
|
|
What characteristic distinguishes a Proboscidean?
|
The upper lip and nose are elongated and musularized forming a prehensile trunk; also the largest living land mammals
|
|
|
What are lagomorphs? How do they differ from rodents?
|
Rabbits, hares, and pikas; they resemble rodents but have two pairs of continuously growing incisors
|
|
|
What are Cecal pellets?
|
night feces; presented as evidence that Lagamorpha evolved from carnivores due to their inability to directly digest plants in one pass
|
|
|
Name two members of Insectivora.
|
shrews and moles; mammals with short snouts that live underground
|
|
|
What’s the smallest known mammal?
|
The Etruscan Shrew (S. etruscus) aka White-toothed Pygmy Shrew
|
|
|
What is the habitat of moles and shrews?
|
underground
|
|
|
What are pinnipeds?
|
aquatic mammals including walruses, seals, and sea lions; all four limbs are modified into flippers
|
|
|
Name three members of the order Xenarthra.
|
anteaters, sloths, and armadillos
|
|
|
What distinguishes xenarthrans from other mammals?
|
they are toothless or have peglike teeth
|
|
|
What is the only order of flying mammals?
|
Chiroptera
|
|
|
Name three orders of aquatic mammals.
|
Cetacea, Pinnipedia, and Sirenia
|
|
|
Name an order composed of burrowing mammals.
|
Insectivora
|
|
|
Name an order in which teeth are, for the most part, lacking.
|
Xenarthra
|
|
|
Name two mammalian orders in which echolocation is used.
|
Chiroptera and Cetacea
|
|
|
Name an order in which members have opposable thumbs.
|
Primates
|
|
|
Why is a chimpanzee not a monkey?
|
Monkeys have tails, chimpanzees (apes) do not.
|
|
|
In which two orders do incisors always grow?
|
Rodentia and Lagomorpha
|
