Bio 103 Chapter 8 Vocab Cellular Respiration

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cellular respiration

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a metabolic process that uses the energy from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fatty acids, or amino acids to produce ATP

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NAD+

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coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that accepts 2 electrons and i hydrogen ion to become NADH

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FAD

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coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that accepts two electrons and 2 hydrogen ions to become FADH₂ which is sometimes used in place of NAD+

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Phases of Cellular Respiration

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1. glycolysis
2. prep reaction
3. citric acid cycle
4. electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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anaerobic

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mmetabolic reaction that does not require oxygen

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glycolysis

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anaerobic breakdown of glucose resulting in 2 ATP, 2 pyruvates, and 2 NADH

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pyruvate

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the end product of glycolysis which is reduced into CO₂ and H₂O during respiration and either alcohol and CO₂ or lactate during fermentation

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substrate-level phosphorlyation

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the process in which an enzyme passes a high-level phosphate to ADP to form ATP

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mitochondrion

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membrane bound organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during cellular respiration

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prep reaction

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reaction that oxidizes pyruvate by releasing CO₂, resulting in acetyl CoA

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acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A)

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molecule produced by the prep reaction that is made up of a 2 Carbon acetyl group attached to a coenzyme A that with energy and and the citric cycle are further broken down

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citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

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cyclical metabolic reaction within the matrix of the mitochondria that breaks down acetyl group and produces CO₂, ATP, NADH, and FADH₂

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cytochrome

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an iron-containing protein that serves as an electron carrier in photosynthesis and cellular respiration

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oxidation phosphorlyation

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the production of ATP as a result of energy released from the electron transport chain

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fermentation

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anaerobic breakdown of glucose resulting in the production of lactate or alcohol and a grain of 2 ATP molecules

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alcoholic fermentation

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fermentation process that produces ethanol and CO₂ from sugars

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lactic acid fermentation

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fermentation that produces lactic acid as the sole or primary product

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oxygen debt

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amount of oxygen required to oxidize lactic acid produced during strenuous muscle activity