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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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energy
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the ability to do work or cause change
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kinetic enerfy
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the energy an object has do to its motion
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potential energy
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the energy an object store; or its potential to do work
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chemical energy
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potential energy held in chemical bonding
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heat
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kinetic energy from the rapid movement of particles
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
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energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can change from form to another
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
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energy can not change from one form of energy to another without loss of usable energy
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entropy
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a measure of disorder or randomness
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metabolism
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the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell
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reactants
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raw substances that participate in a chemical reaction
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products
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substances created as the result of a chemical reaction
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free energy (G)
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the amount of usable energy that still exist after a chemical reaction
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change in free energy (∆G)
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the difference between the free energy before and after a chemical reaction
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exergonic reaction
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∆G is negative, energy is released (item gets hot)
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endergonic reaction
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∆G is positive, energy is absorbed
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coupled reactions
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the pairing of an exo- and ender-gonic reaction
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ATP provides energy for three important functions
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chemical work (synthesizing macromolecules), transportation (pumping products across the plasma membrane), and mechanical work (muscle contractions)
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metabolic pathway
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series of linked reactions that begin with certain reactants and end with a particular product
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enzyme
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a protein molecule that functions as a catalyst to speed up a reaction without itself being effected by the reaction
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substrate
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the reactants in an enzymatic reaction
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energy of activation (Eₐ)
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energy that must be added for one molecule to react with another
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active site
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region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs
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induced fit model
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change in the active site of an enzyme that enhances the fit with the substrate
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denatured
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the loss of the enzymes normal shape so that it no longer functions correctly
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cofactor
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nonprotein inorganic ion or organic molecule that is needed for an enzyme to function properly
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coenzyme
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nonprotein organic molecule cofactor for an enzyme
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vitamins
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small organic molecules necessary for the syntheses of coenzymes
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phosphorlyation
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a way of activating an enzyme by attaching a phosphate group to it
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enzyme inhibition
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process in which a substance known as an inhibitor slows down the activity of a functioning enzyme
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competitive inhibition
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type of enzyme inhibition that allows both the inhibitor and the substrate to attach to the active site
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noncompetitive inhibition
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type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor binds at a location other that the active site
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feedback inhibition
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type of inhibition where the final product in the metabolic pathway can return to stop earlier reactions in the chain
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oxidation
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the loss of electron or the loss of Hydrogen ions in a molecule
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reduction
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the gain of electrons or the gain or Hydrogen ions in a molecule
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NADP+
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coenzyme that accepts electron and hydrogen ions during photosynthesis and then passes them on to CO₂ to form G3P
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NAD+
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a coenzyme that accepts electrons and hydrogen ions and becomes NADH as the oxidation of the substrate occurs
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electron transport chain
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a series of membrane bound carriers that pass electrons from one carrier to another
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ATP synthase complex
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complex formed by enzymes and their carrier proteins that functions in the production of mitochondria
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chemiosmosis
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the production of ATP due to a hydrogen ion gradient
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