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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the division of the nucleus called? |
Nuclear Division |
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What is another name for nuclear division? |
Karyokinesis |
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What are the two types of nuclear division? |
Mitosis and Meiosis |
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What form of karyokinesis occurs when cells divide into identical cells for growth and repair? |
Mitosis |
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Which form of karyokinesis makes different cells with half as many chromosomes? |
Meiosis |
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Which type of cell division makes sex cells? |
Meiosis |
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What is another name for sex cells? |
Gametes |
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What is the female sex cell called? |
Egg |
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What is the male sex cell called? |
Sperm |
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What are the five steps of cell division in order |
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
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What stage of nuclear division was originally thought to be the resting stage of the cell? |
Interphase |
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Stretched out DNA is called |
Chromatin |
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Coiled DNA is called |
Chromosomes |
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During the Interphase stage of mitosis, what do chromosomes coil up on? |
Histomes |
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How can you remember the phases of the cell division in order? |
I Punch Matt After Trig (Inter, Pro, Meta, Ana, Telo) |
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Why do cells made by meiosis only have half the number of chromosomes? |
Because they need the correct amount when they fuse |
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Which phase of mitosis allows you to see the nucleus and organelles while the cell grows? |
Interphase |
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When the cell is ready to divide, where does DNA coil? |
Histomes |
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What is the name of the protein band that holds chromosomes to the histomes? |
Centromere |
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Each strand of a chromosome is called a what? |
Chromatid |
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When comnected, two chromatids that make up a chromosome are called? |
Sister chromatids |
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In which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope begin to dissolve? |
Prophase |
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During prophase, where do spindle fibers attach? |
Kineticore |
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What is the little hook on the centromere where spindle fibers attach? |
Kineticore |
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During which phase does the centromere break apart? |
Anaphase |
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What happens when the centromere breaks during anaphase? |
A chromatid is pulled in each direction |
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During which phase of mitosis do cells start to divide? |
Telophase |
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What begins to reform during telophase? |
The Nuclear Envelope |
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What is the protein band that pinches formed during telophase called? |
Contractile ring |
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The indenting caused by the contractile ring is called? |
A cleavage furrow |
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What happens when the contractile ring tightens enough? |
The cell divides |
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What is cell division called? |
Cytokinesis |
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What happens during Growth 1? |
New "baby" cells grow up to be the size of mother cells |
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What happens during the Synthesis Phase? |
DNA is replicated |
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What happens during Growth 2? |
Organelles replicate |
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What phase is actually a combination of Growth 1, the Synthesis Phase, and Growth 2? |
Interphase |
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What is the cell cycle? |
The life cycle of a cell |
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Cell suicide is called |
Apoptosis |
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When cells can't control division, they are referred to as? |
Cancer |
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What is cancer? |
Uncontrolled cell growth and replication |
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When cancer is contained, it is what? |
Benign |
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When cancer spreads, it is what? |
Metastasized |
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When one cell hits another and stops dividing, this is called? |
Contact inhibition |
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What is angeogenisis? |
Making blood vessels |
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What are 5 characteristics of cancer cells? |
They have an abnormal nucleus, tumor growth, lack cell differentiation, have no contact inhibition, and cause angeogenisis |
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What determines if new genes will be formed? |
Cogenes |
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A cogene that says express a trait is called a? |
Oncogene |
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A cogene that says do not express a trait is a? |
Supressor cogene |
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What do proto-oncogenes do? |
Promote cell cycles |
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What is a stem cell? |
An uncommitted cell that can be used for different types of growth |
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What 2 types of stem cells exist? |
Adult stem cells (committed) and embryonic (uncommitted) |
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Adult stem cells can become what? |
Blood |
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Embryonic stem cells can become what? |
Any tissue |
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Embryonic stem cells are also referred to as what? |
Multipotent stem cells |
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What is it called when cell division makes sex cells? |
Meiosis |
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How many parts of meiosis are there? |
2 |
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What are the two stages of meiosis called? |
Meiosis 1 & Meiosis 2 |
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What are the stages of meiosis 1? |
Interphase 1, Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1 |
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What are the steps in meiosis 2? |
Interphase 2, Prophase2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2 |
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Chromosomes that carry the same genes are called what? |
Homologous |
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How many differences are there between mitosis and meiosis? |
3 |
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When a chromosome finds its homologous pair, it is called? |
Bivalent (tetrad) |
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During which phase of meiosis 1 do the chromosomes find their homologous pair? |
Metaphase |
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The structure formed when a homologous pair of chromosomes stick together during Metaphase 1 is called what? |
Synaptonamel complex |
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A letter that represents a trait is called? |
An alil |
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When chromosomes swap alils, this is called |
Crossing over |
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What is mea t when chromosomes "cross over" |
They swap genes (alils) |
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Crossing over causes what? |
Genetic differences |
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The point where crossing over happens is called the? |
Chiamata |
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In anaphase 1, what happens to the chromosome? |
One is pulled to each side |
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When the number of chromosomes are reduced, this is referred to as? |
Reduction division |
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When does reduction division occur? |
Telophase 1 |
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A pair of chromosomes with both chromosomes present is referred to as? |
Diploid |
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A pair of chromosomes when only one chromosome is present is referred to as? |
Haploid |
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When a diploid cell is reduced, it becomes |
Haploid |
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Instead of going into a cell cycle, the end products of meiosis 1 do what? |
Go into meiosis 2 |
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What is the difference between meiosis 2 and mitosis? |
Meiosis 2 only has one chromosome instead of two like mitosis |
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How many combinations of genes are possible? |
10 to the 3000th power |
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Which pair of chromosomes determines sex? |
23rd |
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Who can carry recessive traits in an X chromosome? |
Female |
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Xx = |
Female |
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Xy = |
Male |
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What is another term for "life cycle" |
Gametogenisis |
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What is the making of sperm called? |
Spermatogenisis |
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Egg cells are called? |
Oocytes |
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During spermatogenisis, the cell that begins meiosis 1 is called? |
Primary spermaticite |
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The spermaticites formed at the end of meiosis 1 and those that go through meiosis 2 are called? |
Secondary spermaticite |
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The break that can occur between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 is called? |
Meotic interphase |
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When does meotic interphase occur? |
Between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 |
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After meiosis 2, the secondary spermaticite is turned into 4 what? |
Spermatids |
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How many parts are in a sperm cell? |
4 |
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What are the 4 parts of a sperm cell? |
Head, Acrosome, Midpeice, Tail |
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What is in the head of the sperm? |
DNA |
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What is in the acrosome of a sperm cell? |
Enzymes |
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What is in the midpiece of a sperm cell? |
Mitochondria |
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Production of egg cells are called? |
Oogenisis |
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Oogenisis begins with? |
A primary oocyte |
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During Telophase 1, after the division of the egg cell and the polar body, the large cell is called the? |
Secondary oocyte |
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What is the small area attached to the egg cell to carry away excess chromosomes? |
Polar body |
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During oogenisis, what goes through meosis 2? |
Secondary oocyte |
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The cell at the end of meiosis 2 is called? |
Ovum (egg) |
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During what stage of meosis is the chromosome occasionally pulled to one side? |
Anaphase 2 |
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When the entire chromosome is pulled to one side during Anaphase 2, what does this result in? |
A Trisomy and a Monosomy |
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A cell with 3 chromosomes is a? |
Trisomy |
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A cell with one chromosome is a? |
Monosomy |
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Proper separation of chromosomes in cytokinesis is referred to as? |
Disjunction |
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Improper separation of chromosomes during cytokinesis is referred to as? |
Nondisjunction |
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When a disease or mutation happens every time, it is a? |
Syndrome |
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Trisomies and monosomies lead to? |
Genetic mutations |
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Females with only one X chromosome suffer from what syndrome (typified by less developed sex characteristics and possibly a short neck) |
Turner's Syndrome |
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Females suffering from this syndrome have XXX chromosomes and are typified by being ultra feminine and are usually tall and frail. |
Multiple X Syndrome |
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Males must have at least one what chromosome? |
Y |
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A male suffering from this Xyy syndrome may be angrier. |
Jacob's (or Jacobsen's) Syndrome |
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Males suffering from this Xxy syndrome have more feminine characteristics like depositing fat on hips and breast. |
Klinefelter's Syndrome |
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When crossing over doesn't work, what 4 things can occur? |
Inversion Duplication Deletion Translocation |
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Failing to cross over results in? |
Structural changes |
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When a chromosome flips during crossing over, what type of mutation is this? |
Inversion (123654) |
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If a chromosome attaches to another that isn't missing a piece, this is an example of what mutation? |
Duplication (123456456) |
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When a segment breaks off of a chromosome and doesn't have another piece attach to it, this is an example of what mutation? |
Deletion (123) |
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When a chromosome attaches to the wrong location site, this is an example of what mutation? |
Translocation ABCDEFG456 |
