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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The ER membrane encloses a single compartment called the __________.
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ER lumen
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Define:
Cisternae |
Fluid-filled tubules
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What is the function of the of the rough ER?
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Involved in protein synthesis and sorting
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What is the function of the smooth ER?
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Detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium balance, synthesis and modification of lipids
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What is an amphipathic molecule?
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Has both a polar and non-polar region (ex/ phospholids)
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Name 5 factors promoting protein folding and stability.
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1. Hydrogen bonding
2. Ionic bonds 3. Hydrophobic effects 4. Van der Waals forces 5. Disulfide bridges |
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What are the three functions of the Golgi apparatus?
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Secretion, processing, and protein sorting
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Name a of function of the Lysosome.
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Contain acid hydrolases that perform hydrolysis
Break down proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids. Autophagy |
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This is usually an inorganic ion that temporarily binds to an enzyme. What is it?
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A cofactor
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What are the 4 categories of secondary metabolites?
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Phenolics, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Polyketides
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Name 5 factors promoting protein folding and stability.
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1. Hydrogen bonding
2. Ionic bonds 3. Hydrophobic effects 4. Van der Waals forces 5. Disulfide bridges |
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What are the three functions of the Golgi apparatus?
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Secretion, processing, and protein sorting
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Name of function of the Lysosome.
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Contain acid hydrolases that perform hydrolysis
Break down proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids. Autophagy |
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This is usually an inorganic ion that temporarily binds to an enzyme. What is it?
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A cofactor
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What are the 4 categories of secondary metabolites?
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Phenolics, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Polyketides
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What are the 3 phases of the Calvin cycle?
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1. Carbon fixation
2. Reduction and carbohydrate production 3. Regeneration of RuBP |
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What is Direct intercellular signaling?
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Cell junctions allow signaling molecules to pass from one cell to another.
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What is Contact-dependent signaling?
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Some molecules are bound to the surface of cells and serve as signals to cells coming in contact with them.
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What is Autocrine signaling?
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Cells secrete signaling molecules that bind to their own cell surface or neighboring cells of the same type.
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What is Paracrine signaling?
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Signal does not affect cell secreting the signal but does influence cells in close proximity (synaptic signaling).
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What is Endocrine signaling?
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Signals (hormones) travel long distances and are usually longer lasting.
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What are the 3 stages of cell signaling?
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1. Receptor activation
2. Signal transduction 3. Cellular response |
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Name 3 cell surface receptors.
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1. Enzyme-linked receptors
2. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) 3. Ligand-gated ion channel |
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What is unique to proteins that stay in the ER?
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They have ER retention signals
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What is a protein with a carbohydrate attached to it called?
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Glycoproteins
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What is the molecular machine for protein degradation called?
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Proteasome
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How did Friedreich Meischer contribute to biology?
(Bonus: Year?) |
Isolated a phosphate containing acid from the nucleus (1869)
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How did Griffith contribute to biology?
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Discovered the "transforming principle". Molecules are capable of altering bacteria.
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How did Hershey-Chase contribute to biology?
(Bonus: Year?) |
They labelled certain parts of virus to determine area of replication (DNA). (1952)
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How did Edwin Chargaff contribute to biology?
(Bonus: Year?) |
He discovered the Adenine/Thymine, Cytosine/Guanine nucleotides. (1930/40s)
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How did Franklin & Wilkins contribute to biology?
(Bonus: Year?) |
They showed by x-ray diffraction that DNA was a linear molecule. (1940-53)
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How did Francis & Crick contribute to biology?
(Bonus: Year?) |
They discovered that DNA was a double helix. (1953)
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What type of bond is found between sugar sub-units of DNA?
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Phosphodiester bonds
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By which method of replication does our DNA undergo?
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Semiconservative replication
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How did Meselsohn & Stahl contribute to biology?
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They proved that DNA replicates conservatively by using the heavy nitrogen.
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What is the name of the enzyme that alleviates coiling during DNA replication?
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DNA topoisomerase
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What is the function of telomerase?
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Prevents chromosome shortening by adding many copies of repeated DNA to eliminate the 3' overhang
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Cells that have lost the capacity to divide are known as what?
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Senescent cells
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How did Beadle & Tatum contribute to biology?
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They developed the " One gene - one enzyme" hypothesis
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How did Walter Gilbert contribute to biology?
(Bonus: Year?) |
Discovered that exons code for particular protein regions and functions. Developed the "Evolution by exon shuffling" hypothesis. (1980s)
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What are snRNP's? And what does it stand for?
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Small Nuclear RNA and set of Proteins. They are proteins that collectively are known as a spliceosome and remove introns.
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What is the peptidyl transferase activity? And what performs it?
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The enzymatic activity that forms the peptide bonds. It is carried out by rRNA
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What are the steps in translation?
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1. "Activation" of tRNAs
2. "Initiation" of the translation process 3. "Elongation" 4. "Termination" |
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What are the 3 sites on a ribosome? What do they stand for?
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A site (aminoacyl tRNA)
P site (polypeptide) E site (exit) |
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What are consititive genes?
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Genes that are constantly transcribed
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How did Jacob & Monod contribute to biology?
(Bonus: Year?) |
They discovered the regulation of
genes using the lac operon. (1961) |
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What are the 3 features found in most promoters?
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1. Transcriptional start site
2. TATA box 3. Response elements |
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What is a Mediator? And what does it do?
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It is composed several proteins. It wraps around GTFs and RNA polymerase and controls the rate at which RNA polymerase can begin transcription
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What is the Preinitiation complex? And where is it found?
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It is assembled GTFs and RNA polymerase and is found at the TATA box.
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Name 3 ways to control RNA polymerase.
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1. Activators/repressors bind to GTFs, improve or prevent function of TFIID
2. Activators/repressors bind to mediator 3. The way by which the chromatin is packed (open/closed conformation) |
