Bio 102 Exam2

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S phase

Back 1

chromosomes double making 4 copies

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Interphase

Back 2

where the cell spends most of its time, it increases its size and duplicates its organelles

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Prophase

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The first step in mitosis, chromatin condense and become visible in the nucleus, centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell, microtubeles begin to grow out of the centrosomes.

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metaphase

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chromosomes attach to spindle fibers at centromeres, chromosomes line up in middle of the cell

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Anaphase

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daughter chromosomes separate and are pulled to either end of the cell by the spindle fibers

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Telophase

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Spindle fibers dissolve, nuclei are formed, ring of actin filaments form around the nuclei

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cytokenesis

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the process of splitting the two cells once the replication has occured

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spindle fibers

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A network of filaments that extend to the middle and pull the chromosomes to either pole of the cell

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centromere

Back 9

A region of DNA where two sister chromatin intersect its involved in cell division

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meiosis

Back 10

cell production that produces 4 cells with 23 chromosomes, usually sex cells

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mitosis

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cell production that produces two cells with 46 chromosomes each, this is the more common andis used by most cells

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Proto-oncogenes

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it is a form of cancer that has a gene that is causing excessive cell division

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Tumor suppressor genes

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They make it so that cells do not divide rapidly but if they are damaged then cancer can occur

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Malignant tumor

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A cancerous form of tumor that is usually called cancer. the three traits that separate it from a bengine tumor our invasion, uncontrolled growth, and metastasis but only sometimes

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Benign tumor

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a patch of cells that have been growing out of control but have stopped and are just staying where they are. example is a mole

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Phenotype

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physical traits that one has

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Genotype

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a persons genetic make up

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allele

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different forms of a gene

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Homologous chromosome

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Pairs of chromosome that contain the same genes

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sister chromatid

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two identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere

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gene

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segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein

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centrosome

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an organelle of the animal cell and serves as the main microtubule organization center

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homozygous

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2 copies of the same allele

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heterozygous

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different alleles on the same chromosome

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gamete

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a cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization

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Somatic cell

Back 26

any cells forming the body of an organism

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diploid

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an organism consisting of two sets of chromomsomes

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haploid

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the number of chromosome in a gamete of an organism

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karyotype

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characteristic component of an eukaryotic species

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dominant

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if one of the genes and it is always expressed

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recessive

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only expressed if both genes are recessive

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codominant

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if both copies are expressed

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dihybrid cross

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when a first generation cross yields only one set of children and but has more than just two traits

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polygenic

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having two or more genes

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nucleotide

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molecules that when joined together create structural units of DNA and RNA

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Ribose

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the backbone of RNA

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Deoxyribose

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the backbone of DNA

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adenine

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a nucleotoide that is apart of DNA and RNA, it is paired with thymine in DNA and Uracil in RNA

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Guanine

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a nucleotoide that is apart of DNA and RNA, it is paired with cytosine

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Thymine

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a nucleotoide in DNA it is matched with adenine and in RNA is replaced by uracil

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Cytosine

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A nucleotoide in DNA that is matched with Guanine

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DNA Polymerase

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its an enzyme used in DNA Replication and it reads the existing strand and synthesizes a new one

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Intron

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A DNA region within a gene that is not translated into a protein

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Exon

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a nucleic acid sequence that is represented in a mature form of an RNA molecule

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amino acid

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a small organic compound that make up the proteins of DNA

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Messenger RNA

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Encodes a chemical imprint of the DNA and carries it to the ribosomes the place of protein synthesis

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Ribosomal RNA

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The site of protein synthesis

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Transfer RNA

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Carries the anticondons to mRNA, transfer amino acids to ribosomes, and helps to build the amino acid chain

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Codon

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A nucleotide based triplet that codes for an amino acid when to start and stop

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anticodon

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Set of three nucleotides in a tRNA base-pairs with mRNA codon

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genetic code

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a set of rules by which things are encoded into genetic material

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Ribosome

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organelle of protein synthesis

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Initiation

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first step of translation and its where the mRNA binds to the ribosome

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Elongation

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step two of translation, mRNA passes between small and large subunits, mRNA codons read like a ticker tape, tRNA deliver amino acids to ribosomes and bonds form between adjacent amino acids

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Termination

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Stop codon of the RNA moves into the ribosome, no corresponding anticodon (in tRNA), Proteins called release factors bind to ribosome, mRNA and proteins are released

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start Codon

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They initiate the encoding process for the amino acids

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stop codon

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a nucleotide triplet that signals the termination of transmission

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release factors

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a protein that allows for the termination of translation

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mature mRNA

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a strand of mRNA that is ready for translation specifically protein synthesis

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point mutation

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DNA replicated, a mistake is made an incorrect base is added, if not found, MUTATION

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Frameshift Mutation

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Two things can happen either a base or several extra bases are added or a base or several bases are deleted

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Variable number of tandem repeat

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caused by frameshift mutation, small sections of DNA repeated, its also the way you can convict someone thru DNA evidence, hard to prove innocent easy to prove guilty

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DNA sequencing

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the processing of mapping out someones DNA patterns

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Zygote

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the initial cell of a new organism made thru sexual reproduction

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Pluripotent

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many different outcomes possible

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Lytic

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a virus such as aids replicating in its host and kills it quickly

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lysogenic

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the viral DNA gets incorporated into the hosts chromosomes and passes it on to its descendants

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retroviruses

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RNA viruses

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Adenoviruses

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its a dsDNA virus, infect repiaratory, intestinal, eyes

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adeno-associated viruses

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insert DNA in chromosome 19

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incomplete dominance

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its where one allele is not completely dominant over the other so the phenotype is combined

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transcription

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process by which an RNA is assembled from nucleotides using the base sequence of a gene as a template

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Translation

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Process by which a polypeptide chain is assembled from amino acids in the order specified by mRNA