Bio 102

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heterotrophs

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dependent on a regular supply of food

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Animals fit into 3 categories

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herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

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herbivores

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gorillas,cattle,hares and eat autotrophs

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carnivores

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sharks,hawks,spiders,snakes eat other animals

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omnivores

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regularly consume animals as wel as plant or algal matter, cocroaches,crows,cears,racoons

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prokaryotes

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what all animals consume along with the other food

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Adequate diet

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fuel (chemical energy) for all the cellular work of the body; the organic raw materials animals use in biosynthesis (carbon skeletons to make many of their own molecules); and essential nutrients such as vitamines that the animal cannot make for itself from any raw material

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ATP

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powers resting metabolism, various activities, and in endotherms, thermoregulation

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What is ATP based on

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the oxidation of energy rich organic molecules (carbs, protiens and fats- in cell respiration

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What happens to excess calories

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the excess can be used for biosynthesis

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Glucose

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major fuel for cells, and its metabolism, regulated by homone action and is sugar

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Undernourishment

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if the diet of a human or other animaal is chronically deficient in calories the fuel is taken out of storage and oxidized

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Glucagon

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promote the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and the release of glucose into the blood increasing blood glucose level

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obesity

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contributes to diabetes,carbiovascular disease and colon and breast cancer

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insulin

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enhances the treansport of glucose into the body cells and stimulates the liver and muscle as glycogen and blood glusose level drops

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leptin

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produces by adipose(fat) tissue leptin suppresses appetite as levelincrease and when body fat decreases leeptin levels fall and appetite increases

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Hormone PYY

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secreted by the small intestine after meals, acts as an appetite suppressant

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Ghrelin

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secreted by stomach wall, is one of the signals that triggers felling of hunger as you loose weight, ghrelin increases

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young petrels

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have to consume more calories than they burn in metaolism and so they become obese and are too heavy to fly

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Essential nutrients

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materials that must be obtained by preassembled form because the animals cells cannot make them from any raw material

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malnourished

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an animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients

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4 classes of essential nutrients

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essential amino acids essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals

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Essential amino acids

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most be obtained from rood in prefabricated form if you dont have enough its a protien defficiency

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Essential fatty acids

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the ones they cannot make, are certain unsaturated fatty acids makes phospholibpids found in membranes

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Vitamins

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organic molecules required in the diet in amounts that are quite small compared fatty and essential

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Water soluble vitamins

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includes B complex and C (required for connective tissue) excess is urine

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Fat soluble vitamins

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A,D,E,and K
A-pigments of eye
D calcuim absobtion and bone
E oxidation
K required for blood clots

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Minerals

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simple inorganic nutrients,

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Ingestion

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the act of eating, is the only first stage of food processing

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Digestion

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second stage of food processing process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
involves enzymatic hydrolysis of plymers into their monomers
-polysaccharides and disacchardies are split into simple sugars
-fats are digest into glycerol and fatty acids
-protiens are split into amino acids
-nucleic acids are cleaved ointo nucleotides

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Enzymatic hydrolysis

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the chemical digestion is usually precede by mechanical fragmentation of food by chewing , breaking food into smaller pieces increaes the surface area exposed to digestive juices containing hydroliytic enzymes

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Absoption

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the third stage, animalscells absorb small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars from the digestive compartment

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Elimination

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last stage as undigested material passes out of the digestive compartment

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Intracellular digestion

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begines after a cell engulfs fod by phagocytosis or pinocytosis food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles

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extracellular digestion

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is the breakdown of food particles outside cells

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Gastrovascular cavity

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funcitions in both digestion and distributgion of nutrients throughout the body

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Hydras

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carnivores that capture prey with specialized organelles called cnidae

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Simple body plan

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have a gastrovascular cavity that functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients

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animals with more complex body

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have digestive tube with 2 openings (mouth and anus)

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the digestive tube

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called complete digestive tract or an alimentary canal

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Peristalsis

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rhythmic waves of contraction by smooth musches in the wall of the calsn and pushes food along the tract

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Sphincters

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ringlike valve which close off the tube like drawstrings regulating passage of material between chambers of canal

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Accessory glands

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3 pairs of salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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Oral Cavity

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tirggers a nervous reflx that causes the salivary glands to deliver saliva throgh ducts to the oral cavity

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Salivary amylase

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an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen

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Bolus

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shapes the food into a ball

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Pharynx

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region we call our throat, junction that opens to both the esophagus and windpipe

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Esophagus

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conducts food from the pharynx down tothe somach by perstasis

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Stomach

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stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion in the upper abdominal cavity below diaphragm

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Gastric juice

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digestive fluid mixes this secretion with the food by the churing action fo the smooth musces in the stomach wall

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Pepsin

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in gastric juice, enzyme that begins the hydrolysis of proteins

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Acid chyme

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what begins in the stomach as a recently swallowed meal becomes a nutrient rich broth

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Small intestine

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longest section of the alimentary canal, major organ of digestion and absoption

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Ezymatic action (duedenum)

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first part of the intestine here the acid chyme from the stomach mizes with digestive juices from the pancreas,liver,gallbladder and intestine itself

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Bile

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by the liver, mixture of substances that is stored in the gallbladder until needed

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Pancreas

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produces proteases, protien digesting enzymes that are activated once they enter the duodenum

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Enzymatic Completion

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as peristasis moves the mixture of chyme and digestive juices along the small intestine

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Lining of stomach

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is coated with mucus which prevents the gastric juice from destroying the cells, ulcers are caused by bacterium helicobacter pylori

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Villi

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large circular folds in the lining bear fingerlike projections called villi

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Microvilli

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epithelial cell of a villus has many microscopic appendages called microvilli and are exposed to intestinal lumen

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enterogastone

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secreted by the duodenum inhibits peristalsis and acid secretion by the stomach

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lacteal

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small vessel of the lymphatic system

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large fat globules

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emulsified by bile alts in the duodenum

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chylomicrons

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fats mixed with chlesterol and coated with proteins, forming small globules which are transported out of the epithelial cells and into lacteals

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hepatic portal vein

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blood vessel that leads directly to the liver and makes sure it has access to amino acids and sugars

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large intestine

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connected to the small intestine at a T-shaped junction where a sphincter controls the movement of material

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Cecum

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this is the T-shaped pouch

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Appendix

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fingerlike extension which is dispensable

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Colon

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major function is to recover water that has entered the alimentary canal as the solvent of vaious digestive juices

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Rectum

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terminal portion of the colon, where feces are stored until they can be eliminated

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Ruminant Digestion

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the stomach of a ruminant has four chambers because of the microbial action in the chambers, the diet from which a ruminant actually absorbs its nutrients is much richer than the grass the animal originally ate.