Bio 1010 Test 6 Bybee

Front 1

1) What are hyphae?

Back 1

a microscopic filaments making up the bulk of multicellular fungus

Front 2

2) What is a mass of many hyphae called?

Back 2

Mycelium

Front 3

3) What are the different names for spore producing organs on fungi?

Back 3

fruiting body

Front 4

4) What kinds of fungi produce sexual spores in “sacs”?

Back 4

Ascomycetes – produces sexual spores in cups or sac-like structures

Front 5

5) What kind of fungus produces sexual spores in a club shaped structure?

Back 5

Basidiomycetes – release asexual spores from a basidium or club-like structure

YOu need to know what like of mushrooms it group

Front 6

6) Zygospores are produced by what kind of fungi?

Back 6

Zygomycetes – produce zygospores

Front 7

7) What types of fungi are called primitive fungi?

Back 7

Chytrids

Front 8

8) What are Glomeromycota?

Back 8

they live inside plant roots, may be a separate phylum

Front 9

9) What practical uses are ascomycetes used for?

Back 9

brewer's yeast and baker's yeast

Front 10

What are smuts and rusts? (What do they affect ecologically?)

Back 10

They are Basidiomycetes
AND

And cause serious diseases of cereal crops such as corn and wheat.

Front 11

11) What are Rhizoids?

Back 11

rhizoids are small branching hyphae that grow downwards that anchor the fungus

Front 12

Leaf cutting ants and have fungal gardens

Back 12

have a mutualism relationship

Front 13

What is Lichen?

Back 13

-Dual organism

separate question-

Scientists would be alarmed if they decreased

Front 14

14) How long can underground fungi get up to?

Back 14

Range in size from microscopic to 1500 acres

Front 15

Are Funguses closer to plants or humans?

Back 15

evidence places fungi closer to animals

THEY ARE NOT CLOSER TO PLANTS

Front 16

What is a Blastula?

Back 16

Earlier stages on an embryo
Blastula FOLD to form gastrula with 2 or 3 tissue layers

Front 17

17) What are the three principle germ layers in animals, and what do they develop into?

Back 17

-Blastula fold to form gastrula with 2 or 3 tissue layers (primary germ layers)
**** ANSWER***ECTODEOM (outside)– skin and nervous system
Endoderm (inside)– digestive tract and derived organs
Mesoderm(middle) – muscles, reproductive system

Front 18

18) What is a Coelom?

Back 18

• Coelom is a Fluid-filled cavity that forms completely within the mesoderm

Front 19

19) Define: gastrovascular cavity, complete digestive system, and incomplete digestive system?

Back 19

*Incomplete digestive tract – one opening –
EATS AND POOP OUT OF ONE HOLE

*Complete digestive tract has mouth and anus

Front 20

20) What phylum do jellyfish belong to?

Back 20

Jellyfishes are Cnidarians

Front 21

What are characteristics to the Cnidarian phylum?

Back 21

****there were of characteristics but you had to identify the one that did not belong. I think it was the digestive system but I dont know
• Mostly marine
• Radially symmetrical
o Polyp or medusa (know differences)
o Many cnidarians, such as hydra, corals, and sea anemones, exist exclusively as polyps. In contrast Jellyfishes exist only as medusas, Still other cnidarians alternate between the two body forms.
• True tissues (two layers endoderm and ectoderm)
• gastrovascular cavity
Radially symmetric eumatazoans form two distinct embryonic layers
An outer ectoderm -> epidermis
An inner indoderm->….

Front 22

What are characteristics of a mollusk?

Back 22

****there were of characteristics but you had to identify the one that did not belong. I think it was the digestive system but I dont know
• Visceral mass (digestive, circulatory, excretory, and reproductive systems)
o 100,000 named species
• Open circulatory system except for cephalopods which have a closed circulatory system
• Complete digestive system
• Bilateral symmetry
• Gills exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
• well developed nervous systems

Front 23

What is an open circulatory system?

Back 23

The open circulatory system is common to molluscs and arthropods. Open circulatory systems (evolved in crustaceans, insects, mollusks and other invertebrates) pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells. Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood.

Front 24

What is a closed circulatory system?

Back 24

Vertebrates, and a few invertebrates, have a closed circulatory system. Closed circulatory systems have the blood closed at all times within vessels of different size and wall thickness. In this type of system, blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities.

Front 25

What phylum do pinworms belong to?

Back 25

Nematodes

Front 26

Understand what broad spectrum of species that are encompassed by the phylum Arthropoda.

Back 26

***I think it only asked about exoskeletons

"Jointed feet”
•More than 1 million species
•Shed their exoskeleton – made of chitin & calcium salts
-Insects & spiders most known
-Segmented bodies
-To grow – must molt & secrete a bigger exoskeleton
-Open circulatory system (ours is closed)
-Plumbing in their respiratory system

Front 27

What is the most diverse phylum?

Back 27

Arthropods

Front 28

What are characteristics intrinsic to echinoderms?

Back 28

Echinoderm – “spiny skin”
****(no head)****
• Endo skeleton – made of plates\unique circulatory system – no blood – bring in sea water and utilize it called: water vascular system
• Unique symmetry: bilateral Larva, Adults – penta radial (5 base) ex: sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins. Ex: fig 22.32 pg 470
• Pentamerous or penta – radial
• Tells us that they developed unique symmetry over time and are related to a bi-lateral symmetric org.
•

Front 29

What is cephalization?

Back 29

• Cephalization – anterior (head) and posterior (tail)

Front 30

What are the exoskeletons of arthropods composed of?

Back 30

made of chitin & calcium salts

Front 31

Are arthropods invertebrates or vertebrates?

Back 31

arthropods invertebrates because they lack a back bone. The have an exoskeleton

Front 32

*32) What are the characteristics of a chordate?

Back 32

chordates (phylum Chordata) are animals which are either vertebrates or one of several closely related invertebrates. They are united by having, for at least some period of their life cycle, a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail.

****How many chordates ar there?

Front 33

*What is the purpose of a bony vertebral column?

Back 33

The Vertebral Column (Spinal Column) supports the head and encloses the spinal cord.

Front 34

*What is an ectotherm?

Back 34

Ectotherms, sometimes called 'cold blooded' animals, are poorly insulated and produce metabolic heat at a low rate compared with endotherms. They also lose heat to cooler surroundings quickly. High thermal conductance, however, allows ectotherms to absorb heat readily from the environment. It is mostly through behavioural mechanisms that ectotherms regulate body temperature, for example, by basking in the sun or burrowing under ground.

Front 35

What is an endotherm?

Back 35

Endotherms, sometimes called ‘warm blooded’ animals, generate body heat as a by-product of metabolism. They often elevate their body temperatures to above ambient temperature and most produce metabolic heat at a high rate. Most endotherms have fur, feathers or fat as a form of insulation and this allows them to conserve heat.

Front 36

*Are hagfish composed of mineralized bone?

Back 36

HAgfish lack mineralized tissues and teeth and are the only living animals that have a skull but not a vertebral column.

Front 37

*Are Tuna composed of mineralized bone?

Back 37

Tuna share with the ingroup taxa an internal mineralized skeleton composed of calcium phosphate (bone), while sharks have an internal skeleton composed entirely of non-mineralized cartilage, not bone.

Front 38

*What is the defining characteristic of a ray-finned fish?

Back 38

Ray-finned fish possess the following basic characteristics:<br><br>bony skeleton - the skeleton of ray-finned fishes is made up of true bone<br><br>95% of fish have bone skeletons<br><br>You need to know what fish is not a ray fined fish (I didnt know)<br>Salmon<br>Trout<br>Lungfish<br>catfish<br>eels


****What percentage of vertabtes are fish****

Front 39

*39) What is the only extant lobe-finned fish?

Back 39

The coelacanths

Front 40

*In what period did the first reptiles arise?

Back 40

carboniferous period

Front 41

*41) What are key characteristics to reptiles?

Back 41

*** they are cold blooded***
*** Were reptiles the first four legs animals? ( I didnt know)
They are ectothermic vertebrates.

2. Their skin has scales, but no hair or feathers.

3. They have three-chambered hearts (except for alligators and crocodiles, which have four-chambered hearts).

Front 42

*42) What is the purpose of feathers?

Back 42

warmth, protection, flight, attractive adornment for courtship, and sex recognition.

Front 43

*What are Ratites?

Back 43

large, flightless birds

Front 44

*44) In what period did the first mammals arise?

Back 44

Mammals evolved during the Triassic period

*** also asked something about, if the organisms formed in the Cambrian period were the ancesters of most life today ( I didnt know)

Front 45

*45) What are monotremes?

Back 45

Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young like marsupials

Front 46

*What are marsupials?

Back 46

Kangaroos

They have pouches

Front 47

*What are the key characteristics of a mammal?

Back 47

****Do not have 2 chambered hearts*****

All mammals are warm blooded.

Most young are born alive.

They have hair or fur on their bodies.

Every mammal is a vertebrate.

All mammals have lungs to breathe air.

Mammals feed milk to their babies.

Front 48

*48) Are chordates vertebrates or invertebrates?

Back 48

Are considered BOTH vertebrates or invertebrates

Front 49

*49) What is an amnion?

Back 49

The amnion is a membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo.

I think there was some about how it attaches to something but it was pretty easy

Front 50

What part of the brain does Huntington's Dz effect?

Back 50

caudate nucleus-I dont remember if this was on the test