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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathogen definition |
disease-causing organism |
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5 pathogens |
1) Bacteria 2) Virus 3) Eukaryotes 4) Prions 5) Can cause an epidemic: contagious disease that spreads rapidly |
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What does bacteria have? |
gelatinous capsule- |
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what is a gelatinous capsule? |
- single-celled prokaryotic organism - very diverse and numerous:10 times more bacteria in you then body cells - structure evades immune system - reproduce quickly by binary fission -target antibiotics |
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how does the structure of the gelatinous capsule invade the immune system? (2 steps) |
1) peptidoglycan in the cell wall (gram positive:many layers, and gram negative:fewer)
2) gelatinous capsule - prevents engulf by macrophage -protect from antibiotics -attach to surfaces --> ex: inner ear canals, helps bacteria. sticks to surface and starts reproducing
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what is binary fission? |
-20 minute doubling time - can pass plasmids to other bacteria |
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Examples of bacteria (4) |
1) salmonella: - food borne
2) Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax): - soil bacteria - inhaled spores are deadly
3) staph: - MRSA, resistant to multiple antibiotics -problem in hospitals
4) streptococcus (strep throat): - spherical
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How do you target of antibiotics? |
- poison specifically targeted at bacteria - inhibits bacteria ability to: make a protein. make a cell wall. copy DNA |
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4 things about virus |
1) non living: noo metabolism, ribosomes, ability to replicate 2) DNA or RNA encased in a protein shell 3) most invade a living host to reproduce 4) steps to a viral infection |
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what are the steps to a viral infection? (7) |
1) HIV invades host cell by binding to proteins on surface 2) viral genome and enzymes enter host cell (dump contents into cells) 3) Reverse transcription 4) integrase 5) hosts RNA polymerase makes more HIV mRNA 6) hosts ribosomes produce HIV proteins 7) New viruses assemble and bud from host cells membrane |
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What is Reverse Transcriptase? |
- makes viral DNA from RNA (converts back to DNA) |
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What is integrase? |
-makes random snip into DNA, and puts it into the genetic info. |
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what is RNA polymerase? |
- stealing photocopy to make copy of virus |
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Virus examples (5) |
1) influenze (the flu) 2) common cold 3) HIV (AIDS) (Using Tcells to while out those cells who cannot function) 4) Herpes 5) Human papilloma (HPV) |
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Human Papilloma.... Explain? |
- DNA virus infects skin and mucous membranes - mostly no symptoms, some cause genital warts - prevention: vaccinate with gardasil |
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What is the emerging virus? |
- virus whose incidence is on the rise |
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What does the emerging virus do? |
- exisiting virus evolves to avoid the immune system - virus moves form one species to another
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What is a Latent Virus? |
- they are dormant, not reproducing --> ex: Herpes. Chicken Pox - not treatable with antibiotics |
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Explain the Eukaryote |
- single-or multi cellular - Fungi- ringworm, athletes foot, yeast infection - protists: malaria - worms (undercooked pork) |
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What are prions? |
- protein in the brain - incorrectly folded causes it to kill brain cells - causes spongiform encephalopathies (holes in the brain) |
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How are pathogens spread? (4 ways) |
1) Airborne 2) Direct contact with bodily fluids 3) Vector borne 4) Ingestion |
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What does airborne mean? and prevention? |
- moves through air - can survive outside the body prevention? handwashing |
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Explain direct contact with bodily fluids? and prevention? |
- kissing, sharing needles prevention? safe sex |
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Explain vector-borne
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- transmission through host (mosquito) prevention: repellant |
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What are the two specific types of immunity? |
1) Nonspecific 2) Specific
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What does nonspecific mean? |
- not specific to one pathogen - immunity we are borne with |
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what are the four types of nonspecific? |
1) barriers: skin, nose hairs) 2) macrophages: types of white blood cells 3)inflammation: damaged cells release histamine 4) fever: macrophage activity increases. Pathogen activity decreases |
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What is Histamine? |
- what causes swelling |
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What does Specific mean? |
- must be developed - specific to certain pathogens |
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What are white blood cells called? |
lymphocytes
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What must the specifics recognize? |
- antigens
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What are antigens? |
- foreign protein or carbo. on surface of pathogen - unique shapes identify "self" versus "non self" |
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How may steps are there in the Antibody mediated immunity? |
3 |
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What does step 1 have to do? |
recognize antigens on pathogen |
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What do the antibodies do? |
- using the "y" shapes protein which bind to antigen |
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What is a antibody? |
- made by mixing and matching - lock and key
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The antibody of the BCell attaches to? |
- antigen of pathogen
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What do B cells produce? (2 types of cells) |
- plasma cells - memory cells |
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Explain Step 2 |
Attack pathogen! - plasma cells produce lots of free-floating antibodies |
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What are plasma cells? |
alert macrophages - activates complement proteins which poke holes in the cell membranes |
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What is step 3? |
- remember pathogen! - done by memory B cells - stimulated by vaccines
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What are memory B cells? |
- live many years - maintain specific useful antibodies - help speed up defenses |
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what are vaccines? |
- made up of parts of or dead pathogens - presents antigen to immune system, but doesn't causes disease - force production of memory cells containing specific antibodies (ex: flu shots, smallpox vaccines) |
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What happens when the cell is mediated immunity? |
1) carried out by t-cells |
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What are T-cells? |
- type of white blood cell - do not produce antibodies, directly attack other cells |
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3 types of T cells |
- cytotoxic Tcells (killer) -->kills cells with something wrong (viral infection, cancer) . destroys membrane of cell |
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Helper T-cells |
- activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells - the primary target of HIV |
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Memory T cells |
- help body respond quickly when pathogen encountered again |
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Autoimmune disorders |
immune system attacks bodies own tissues - chrons disease (intestines) - rheumatoid arthritis (connective tissue) - multiple sclerosis ( nerve cell covering) - diabetes (pancreas) - heart disease (cholesterol) |
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diabetes |
a. insulin as antigen b. t-cells destroy insulin-producing cells in pancreas |
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What is the endocrine system? |
the bodes chemical communication system (periods, growing) |
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What are hormones? |
chemicals that act to signal changes in particular cells |
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What are the two types of hormones? |
1) proteins: bind to outer surface of target cell and trigger changes inside (transduction)
2) steroids: dissolve across cell membrane and bind directly to gene promoter (start transcription)
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what are endocrine glands? |
organs that secret hormones - produced by glands - connections with brain - regulate temp, hunger, thirst |
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What are sex hormones responsible for? |
sex differences |
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what do the testes do? |
secrete testosterone |
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what is testosterone? |
steroid hormone. - aids in: sperm production. hair and thickness. deep voice. |
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what do ovaries produce? |
estrogen.
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what is estrogen? |
steroid hormone - regulate: menstruation. maturation of eggs. breast development. pregnancy
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What is the endocrine system? |
a manmade chemicals that disrupt the normal function of the endocrine system - mimic natural hormones (sends false signal) - block natural hormone |
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when do the reproductive organs develop? |
around week 7 |
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Testosterone determines? |
- which system of gamete-carrying ducts develops - development of external genitalia |
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what are the results in the reproductive problems? |
-undescended testes - shortened penis - misshaped uterus |
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what is spermatogenesis? |
- production of sperm |
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what is endometriosis? |
- uterine lining grows in abdominal cavity |
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When the nervous system perceives information, what does that mean? |
- using the sense. - react to temp., pain, pressure - specialized (in special organs) (smell, taste, vision, equilibrium and hearing) - sensory neurons: carry out information about environment to the brain |
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When the nervous system processes information? |
- done by the CNS - CNS= brain and spinal cord |
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What do the interneurons do? |
connect sensory and motor neurons |
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When the CNs responds? |
- motor neurons carry signals away from CNS to effectors, the response can be, muscle movement, glands release hormones. |
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What are reflexes? |
- prewired circuit of neurons - automatic, very fast |
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How are signals transmitted? |
- using neurons: specialized cell that transmits electrical signals |
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What are the two parts that the signal transmission is through? |
1) dendrites: short branches. collect signals from other neurons 2) axon: long tail. sends signals to other neurons 3) myelin sheath: speeds signal transmission (like plastic around wire). lipid covering insulates. 200 mph. |
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What are the two ways it transmits? |
- action potential |
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what is action potential? |
electrical signal along the length of a neuron - Na+ molecules rush inward making inside less negatively charged (depolarization) |
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Where are the neurotransmitters? |
between cells. - moves across the synapse (gap between cells) - uses proteins - bind to receptor of dendrite - Na+ flows into dendrite |
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What does glutamate stimulate? |
over 90% of brain= excitatory (more likely to cause depolarization)
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What does GABA inhibit? |
over 90% brain neurons= less likely to fire |
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If their is not enough neurotransmitter, what may happen? |
1) Alz. disease (acetylocholine) 2) parkinsons- dopamine (tremors) 3) ADHD- dopamine (shortage of) |
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What is ADHD? |
- too many reuptake receptors - increase dopamine (stimulant) by blocking receptors
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What happens if their is a imbalance of neurotransmitters? |
depression |
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The brain contains over_______ billion neurons |
100 |
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each neuron has about ______ synapses |
10,000 |
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about ________total synapses in the brain |
1000 trillion |
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B and T cells |
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memory cells, cytotoxic cells, helper t cells |
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1) hormone goes into______? 2) Endocrine disruptor goes into_____? |
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Neuron system steps |
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1) Dopamine receptor for reuptake is blocked by? 2) The impulse is?
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1) Ritalin 2) propagated |
