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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacterial cell division |
Bacteria divide by binary fission |
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The single circular bacterial chromosome is replicated resulting in |
Two exact copies |
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The copies of bacterial chromosomes move to opposite sides |
The cell elongates |
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A septum forms to divide the cell in two |
Fitz2 protein form around cells this is a ring pinching the cell in two |
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Eukaryotic chromosomes are |
Linear meaning they do not Loop |
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Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of Chromatin |
A mixture of DNA and proteins condensed into 30 NM fiber to fit into the nucleus |
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Every species has a different number of |
Chromosomes humans have 46 23 pairs each chromosome has hundreds to thousands of genes dogs have 78 chromosomes rosebush as 1500 |
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A gene |
Code for a protein |
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Two types in eukaryotic cells |
Autosomes and sex chromosomes |
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Autosomes |
First 22 pairs carry all Gene information except sex jeans same number and kind and both male and female |
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Sex chromosomes |
One pair genes that determine sex |
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Homologous chromosome |
Pair of chromosome having the same size same centromere position and same gene |
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Allele |
Form of gene |
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Haploid number |
One set of chromosomes one parent This is the number for the species |
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Diploid number |
Number for two sets 46 In the cell |
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Karyotype |
Array of chromosomes in an individual arranged longest to shortest by their arms lengthconsteicted regions Autosomes are numbered sex chromosomes XY male XX female |
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Eukaryotic cells five main phases |
G1 s G2 are interphase m is mitosis C is cytokinesis |
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Interphase |
G1 primarily growth phase cells grow and Carry Out normal function longest stage some never leave the stage that is g0 |
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S phase of interphase |
Replication of DNA two sister chromatids attached together exact copies |
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Homologous |
Maternal and paternal chromosomes Individual Homologue |
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Chromatin make up |
40 % dna 60% protein Rna( synthesis) |
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In S phase both strands are |
Copied new helices contain the old strand and one New Strand Semiconservitive replication |
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In S phase replication begins at |
RNA primers |
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An S phase DNA polymerase enzymes match base pairs to the existing strand that links the nucleotides together bases are always added from |
5 prime to 3 prime direction 3 is leading 5 is lagging |
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After DNA is copied G2 |
G2 is prep for division |
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What happens in G2 |
1.Synthesis for proteins microtubules reorganize 2.Centrioles replicate in animal cells only 3.Chromosomes begin to condense with copies attach to the centromere |
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M stage |
Mitosis prophase |
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In prophase chromosomes will |
Finish condensing |
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In prophase what happens |
1.Spindle is being assembled 2.Centrosome organizes microtubules 3.Inside centrosome the centrioles move to the opposite poles and animal cells 4. Nuclear envelope and nucleoli are dismantled |
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The spindle consists of |
Spindle fibers they are microtubules that extend from pole to pole |
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Plants don't use |
Centrioles |
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Aster's and animal cells are like extra |
Spindles that come off centrosomes to Anchor in place because no cell wall like plants their microtubules not spindle fibers. |
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Prometaphase |
Chromosomes become attached to the spindle each chromatid is attached so that oriented to opposite poles.move to equator of cell. |
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Metaphase middle |
Spindle fibers align chromosomes at the center of the cell called the metaphase plate |
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Metaphase plate |
To the center of the cell where chromosomes align |
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Anaphase shortest phase |
Centromeres separate microtubules pull sister chromatids towards opposite poles |
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Telophase |
1Spindle apparatus dismantled Nuclear envelope forms around each set 2chromosomes begin to decondense 3nucleoli reappear and each new nucleus |
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Cytokinesis |
1Division of cytoplasm 2divide cell into two equal halves 3forms two daughter cells |
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Cytokinesis in animal cells |
Construction of actin filaments produces cleavage Furrow pinches cell in two |
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The cell plate in plant cells |
Cell plate forms in middle of cycle continues out to plasma membrane and fuses with it forms two new cells |
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Control and cell cycle and multi-celled organisms is controlled by |
External signal- growth factor (pitri dish) Internal signal- cyclin (proteins) and cdks ( kinases) ( signal to divide) |
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Internal signal explained |
When coming in contact with one another membrane receptor proteins activate a signaling pathway that inhibits all cdk action |
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G1 s checkpoint |
Checks size and health of cell Checks DNA Integrity before dividing an S phase |
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G2m checkpoint |
Checks DNA replication Cyclone and cdks fail at this checkpoints causing cancer |
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Spindle late metaphase checkpoint |
Ensures all chromosomes attach to spindle at metaphase plate |
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Cancer is multi-stage process involving disruption of |
Cell Division and behavior Cancer is mutation and code of DNA the amino acids and DNA (sequence) |
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Proto-oncogenes |
Make protein that gives a thumbs-up at a checkpoint encodes protein that promotes the cell cycle . Ribisomes actually make proteins . -gas pedal Mutate to becomes oncogene -gas pedal always pressed down |
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Most well-known Proto oncogene |
Ras Signaling cell to divide even when there's no growth factor or receptor telling it to do so then becomes Ras onco gene |
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Tumor suppressor genes |
Encode proteins that stop cell cycle -Brakes of a car -Mutation causes brakes not to work (P53 is the most well-known) Stops damaged DNA and first checkpoint but is mutated in almost half of all human cancers |
