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220 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Which correctly traces the path of urine?
Renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethera
Which correctly traces the path of urine?
Renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethera
Which correctly traces the path of urine?
Renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethera
Which is closest to the external surface of the
kidney?
Cortex
The presence of white blood cells in the urine is called?
Pyuria
Vitamin D is also known as:
Cholecalciferol
Vitamin K is required for:
Blood clotting
Minerals required for bone formation include:
Calcium and phosphorus
Most digestion occurs in the:
Small intestine
Nerve receptors for various sensations are located in the:
Dermis
The outer layer of the skin is called
Epidermis
Which of the following tissues is found in the
kidney and is used for secretion or absorption:
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Which type of tissue is characterized by continuous loss and replacement:
Epithelial tissue
Blood is a type of:
Connective tissue
Cardiac and smooth muscle are similar in that:
Both are involuntary (Heart)
Nucleic acid begins and ends where?
Small intestine
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, and K
What vitamins are not fat soluble?
B and C
Vitamin A (Retinal) has a deficiency of:
Leads to vision problems, and dry scaly skin
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) has a deficiency of:
leads to rickets(soft skin) in kids and osteomalacia (strong bones) in adults.
Vitamin K (phylloquinone) has a deficiency of:
Blood clotting
Vitamin B-12(cyanocobalamin) has a deficiency of:
Pernicious anemia
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) has a deficiency of:
scurvy ( abnormal bone development, swollen, painful joints)
What defined as the amount of heat needed to raise 1,000g of water from 15 C to 16 C?
Calories
Absorption digestion occurs in the:
Small intestine
stratified means
many layers
the DNA nucleotide designated as the letter A
adenine
the DNA nucleotide designated as the letter T
thymine
the DNA nucleotide designated as the letter C
cytosine
the DNA nucleotide designated as the letter G
guanine
the DNA nucleotides that always joined together are
adenine & thymine (A & T)
cytosine & guanine (C & G)
what does the complementary rule or
complementary base pairing mean?
adenine (A) always binds with thymine (T) and
cytosine (C) always binds with guanine (G)
how many hydrogen bonds are there between
nucleotides A and T?
2 hydrogen bounds between A and T
how many hydrogen bonds are there between
nucleotides C and G?
3 hydrogen bounds between G and C
are the nucleotide bases located on the inside or outside of the DNA molecule?
always inside
what does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (De oxy ribo nucleic)
what is DNA?
genetic material
(carries the genetic characteristics)
what does DNA look like?
a double helix (a twisted rope ladder)
what 3 components make up DNA
base, sugar, phosphate
nucleotide bases T and C are single-ring structures called
pyrimidines
nucleotide bases A and G are larger double – ring structures called
purines
what are the 2 differences between DNA and RNA?
In RNA the sugar is ribose instead of DeoxyriboseIn RNA the base Uracil(U) occurs in stead of Thymine (T)
the enzyme that breaks the DNA hydrogen bond is called
DNA hydrogenase
the enzyme that reads the sequence on the DNA mother strand and matches the new bases is called
DNA polymerase
the enzyme that ties the DNA pieces together and is responsible for the coiling of the molecule is called
DNA ligase
what is it called when the 2 strands of a double
helix run in opposite directions?
Anti parallel
what is it called when a new DNA molecule
consists of an old and new strand
semi conservative replication
the conversion of RNA into protein is called
translation
the process of converting a DNA into RNA is called
transcription
where does the transcription of DNA into RNA take place?
in the nucleus
every three nucleotides in mRNA form a
codon
the complement to a codon in tRNA is a
anticodon
mRNA stands for
messenger RNA
tRNA stands for
transfer RNA
every three nucleotides in tRNA form a
anticodon
the combining of mRNA (codon) and tRNA
(anticodon) form what?
a chain of amino acids that make up a protein
write a complementary DNA strand to the following

ATGGGAGTT
TACCCTCAA
Write a complementary RNA strand to the following

AUGGGAGUU
UACCCUCAA
write the messenger RNA strand to the following DNA strand

ATGGGAGTT
AUGGGAGUU
are the sugar – phosphate chains located on the inside or outside of the DNA molecule?
Always outside
what does DNA store?
your genetic characteristics
Enzymes break the DNA hydrogen bonds and the molecule unwinds to create what?
a replication fork
how many bases are in this DNA strand?

ATGGGAGTT
9
how many codons are in this RNA strand ?

AUGGGAGUU
3
every 3 anticodons in a tRNA molecule is
translated into what?
1 amino acid
what's an easy way to remember what comes first transcription or translation?
transCription comes before transLation just like C comes before L in the alphabet
which molecule is single-stranded DNA or RNA
RNA
which molecule is double-stranded DNA or RNA
DNA
what sugar is found in a DNA molecule
Deoxyribose or Ribose?
Deoxyribose
what sugar is found in a RNA molecule
Deoxyribose or Ribose?
Ribose
what base is found in a DNA molecule Uracil(U) or Thymine (T)?
Thymine (T)
what base is found in a RNA molecule Uracil (U) or Thymine (T)?
Uracil (U)
a protein that can turn off RNA transcription is called
a repressor protein
a protein that can turn on RNA transcription is called
an activator protein
what is an error in the duplication of DNA called?
mutation
what are factors such as radiation, chemical
substances, and genetic defects that affect the replication of DNA called
mutagens
formation of a nonsensical RNA message and
nonsensical protein due to the insertion of an
incorrect base pair is called
frameshift mutation
cuboidal means?
cube shaped
columnar means?
tall (like a brick standing on its short end)
squamous means?
flat
simple epithelium
a single layer of cells
stratified epithelium
multiple layers of cells
what type of tissue is skin made of?
Epithelial tissue
what type of tissue is the inner lining of the digestive system made of?
Epithelial tissue
what are the 4 types of tissue and what do they do?
Epithelial tissues -- for covering and protection .Connective tissues -- for binding structures
together and for support .
Muscle tissues -- for movement .
Nervous tissues -- for coordinating body activities
what type of tissue is used for covering and
protection?
Epithelial tissues
what type of tissue is used for binding and
support?
Connective tissues
what type of tissue is used for movement?
Muscle tissues
what type of tissue is used for coordinating body activities?
Nervous tissues
what are the cells that make up connective tissue called?
made of cells called fibroblasts
what type of cell is cartilage made of?
chondrocytes
what type of cell is bone made up?
osteocytes
what type of cell is adipose (fat) made of
adipocytes
what type of cell is blood made of?
blood cells (white and red types)
is blood a typical or atypical type of connective
tissue?
atypical (not typical)
why is blood considered an atypical type of
connective tissue?
it is fluid (liquid)
what are the three kinds of connective tissue fibers and their main characteristic?
Collagenous fibers - are tough, don't bend
Elastic fibers - can bend
Reticular fibers - thin, hold cells together
name the 5 types of connective tissue
loose connective tissue
adipose tissue (fat)
fibrous connective tissue (tendons and ligaments)cartilage (end of long bones, ears, nose)
bone
blood
what type of connective tissue binds epithelia (skin) to underlying tissues, functions as packing
materials, and holds organs in place?
Loose connective tissue
what type of connective tissue is organized into parallel bundles, forms tendons that attach
muscles to bones, and ligaments that join bones to bones at the joints?
Fibrous connective tissue
what type of fibers are tough and don't bend?
Collagenous fibers
what type of fibers are flexible and can bend?
Elastic fibers
what types of fibers hold cells together?
Reticular fibers
what type of tissue covers the external and internal surface of your body?
Epithelial tissue
what is the name of the structure attaches muscles to bones?
tendons
what is the name of the structure that attaches bones to bones?
ligaments
what is the name of the structure that protects the end of the bones and prevents them from rubbing together?
Cartilage
what is the cell that makes up cartilage called?
Chondrocytes (Chon dro cytes)
what is the cell that makes up bone called?
Osteoblasts (Osteo blasts)
what are the 4 functions of bone?
give shapeprovide supportprotect vital internal
organsblood cell formation
what function does the red bone marrow perform?
creates red blood cells , white blood cells , and platelets
what are bone cells called?
osteocytes (osteo cytes)
What is the liquid part (matrix) of the blood minus the cells called?
plasma
what type of blood cell carries oxygen?
Red blood cell
what type of blood cell fights off viruses, bacteria, and other invaders?
White blood cells
what type of blood cell aids in blood clotting?
Platelets
Is muscle a connective tissue?
No
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
where are the smooth muscles found, what is their function?
surrounding walls of blood vessels, the digestive tract, and other hollow tubes in the body

control blood flow and blood pressure, and to push substances along the entire digestive tract

They are uninucleated (single nucleus),
non-striated (striped), and involuntary
where are the skeletal muscles found, what is their function?
found mainly attached to bones

allow the body to have body movements and to maintain body postures

They are multinucleated (more than one nucleus), Striated (striped), and under voluntary control
where are the cardiac muscles found, what is their function?
form the heart chambers

allow the heart to pump blood to the lungs and to the body

They are uninucleated (single nucleus), cross
striated and involuntary (but can be manipulated by voluntary acts, changes heart rate when
exercising)
body movements as a results of skeletal muscle contraction is called?
Locomotion
constriction and dilation of blood vessel walls as the result of smooth muscle contraction is called?
vasoconstriction - constriction, gets smaller- raises blood pressure

vasodilatation - dilation gets larger - lowers blood pressure
wavelike motion along the digestive tract as a
result of smooth muscle contraction is called?
Peristalsis
the heart chambers pumping blood to the lungs and body as a result of cardiac muscle contraction is called?
Cardiac motion
maintenance of body posture and muscle tone as a result of the contraction of skeletal muscles is called?
Posture maintenance
when the energy used in muscle contraction is
released as heat to help maintain a constant body temperature it's called?
Heat generation (equals about 75% of ATP energy used in muscle contraction)
Heat generation ;Functions of the muscular system
about 75% of ATP energy used in musclecontraction is released as heat to help maintain a constant bodytemperature (since skeletal muscles are the most abundant‚ theyrelease the largest amount of heat in muscle tissue).
Locomotion
All body movements are the results of skeletalmuscle contraction.
3 Transverse tubule ( T tubule )
Well developed in skeletal and cardiac muscles to transport calcium. absent in smooth muscle
Intercalated disk
specialized intercellular junction that only occurs in cardiac muscle. skeletal and smooth muscles mainly rely on desmosomes.
Parts of Skeletal Muscle; origin
immovable end of themuscle; connects to a bone by tendonor to another muscle by fascia.
Parts of Skeletal Muscle; insertion
movable end of the muscle; connects to a bone by tendon or to another muscle by fascia.
abductor muscle
muscles that move body parts away fromthe
midline (e.g. abductor pollicis brevis).
Sternocleidomastoid: origin, insertion, action?
Origin: ant. surface of sternum.Insertion: mastoid process oftemporal bone.

Action: head flexion,contralateral rotation, ipsilaterallateral flexion
Scalenes: origin, insertion, action ?
(Anterior, posterior,middle scalene).
Origin: transverse process ofcervical vertebrae.

Insertion:Ant. first two ribs

Action: flex and rotate neck.
on test
Erector spinae: extend entire spine...what are the group of muscles ?
iliocostalis,longissimus spinalis muscles
Trapezius (upper, middle , lower): function ?
Origin: occipital bone and spinesof C + T vertebrae.

Insertion: clavicle, spine andacromion process of scapula.

Action: rotates and, pullsshoulder down.
Rhomboid major function ?
Origin: spine of upper T- vertebra

Insertion: medial border ofscapula.

Action: raises or elevates shoulder orscapula
Rotator cuff action?
These musclesstabilize the shoulder.
Which is not a Rotator cuff muscles ?
1.Subscapularis
2. Supraspinatus
3. Infraspinatus
4. Teres minor
5.Teres major
on test
5. Teres major is not a rotator muscle
on test
3 Hamstring muscles ?
1. Biceps femoris
2. Semitendinosus
3. Semimembranosus(not rectus femoris)
on test
Which is not a Quadricep muscle ?
1.Rectus femoris (strongest muscle)
2.Vastus lateralis
3. vastus intermedius
4. vastus medialis
5. Bicep femoris
5. Bicep femoris (2nd strongest muscle)
Tibialis anterior action ?
moves foot up
on test
Muscles of the abdominal wallwhich is superficial?external, internal, Transversus abdominis, Rectus abdominis :
External oblique - superficial
Transversus abdominis- deepest
Diaphragm is the respiratory (involuntary) muscle.What three foramen pass through the diaphragm ?
1. inferior vena cava- largest vein
2. aorta-largest heart artery
3. esophagus-throat
muscles have a point of origin and insertion which one moves?
insertion
Levator scapulae function?
raises scapula or shoulder
Pectoralis major: function?
flexes arm, rotates armmedially.
Latissimus dorsi function?
Action: extends,and rotates the armmedially, and pulls theshoulder downward andback.
Primary action of muscles is?
flexes forearmat elbow & rotates
(bi-because it has 2 origins)
Biceps brachii function?
on testExtends forearm at elbow
(Tri-because it has 3 origins)
Triceps brachii function?
on testExtends forearm at elbow
(Tri-because it has 3 origins)
Gastrocnemius calf muscle function ?
plantar flexion =moves foot down
where is nervous tissue found?
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
what are the cells called that make up nervous
tissue?
neurons
what is the function of the dendrite?
receive nerve impulse information
what is the function of an axon?
transmit impulses toward another neuron or toward an effector, such as a muscle cell
what is the function of nervous tissue?
detecting stimuli
generating and conducting nerve impulses
transmitting nerve impulses to internal organs
what is the function of glial cells?
support and protect the neuron
the skeleton is divided into 2 sections, what are those sections called
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
what bones are included in the axial skeleton?
(upper torso body 80 bones)
skull
hyoid
vertebral column (spine)
thoracic cage (rib cage)
what bones are included in the appendicular
skeleton?
(lower torso body and arms, legs 126 bones)
pectoral girdle (shoulders)
upper limbs (arms)
pelvic girdle (hips)
lower limbs (legs)
approximately how many bones are in the human skeleton?
206
of all the bones in the body which bones do not come in contact with other bones?
inner ear bones (in the ear canal)
hyoid (in the neck below the tongue)
patella (knee cap)
what is the cheek bone called?
Zygomatic bone
(responsible for the shape of your face)
what is the upper jaw bone called?
Maxilla
does the upper jaw bone (Maxilla) move?
No
what is the lower jaw bone called?
Mandible
does the lower jaw bone (Mandible) move?
Yes
what is the collar bone called?
Clavicle
what is the name of the breast bone that protects the heart?
Sternum
what is the name of the shoulder blade?
Scapula
what is the upper arm bone called?
Humerus
what is the name of the 2 bones in the forearm?
Radius (thumb side)
Ulna
what is the name of the wrist bones?
carpal bones (8 bones)
what is the name of the bones in the palm of your hand?
Metacarpal bones
what are the bones of your fingers called
phalanges
what is your heel bone called?
Calcaneous
immovable joints in the axial skeleton are called?
synarthrosis
slightly movable joints in the axial skeleton are called?
amphiarthrosis
freely movable joints in the appendicular skeleton are called?
diarthrosis
which is tougher a tendon or a ligament?
tendons are tougher
what are the 3 layers of the skin?
epidermis (outer)
dermis (middle)
subcutaneous or hypodermis (inner)
what are the 4 functions of the skin?
Protection - keratinized cells provides a physicalbarrier
Excretion - waste materials such as ammonia, urea, and excessive salt
Cutaneous sensation - heat, cold, pain, pressure, and touch
Vitamin D synthesis - synthesis of vitamin D from ultraviolet radiation causes the modification of cholesterol
what are the 3 main types of skin cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma (most common)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (worse)
Malignant melanoma (most dangerous)
what are the main characteristics of Basal Cell
Carcinoma?
most commonusually benign
affect the cells of the epidermis
surgical removal is 99 percent effective
what are the main characteristics of Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
mostly in the scalp , ears , or hands
grows and migrates rapidly
early detection is critical for successful treatment
what are the main characteristics of Malignant Melanoma?
most dangerous
cancer of the melanocytes (pigment cells) in stratum basale
grow and migrates extremely rapidly
usually deadly
what is the middle portion of the muscle
where most contraction occurs called?
belly
chemical digestion is what two things ?
saliva and amylase
how many saliva glands in the mouth ?
6
What is the only thing that can be chemically broken down in the mouth with saliva and amylase ?
carbohydrates
What is another name for mechanical ingestion or chewing?
Mastication
By the age of 6 how many primary teeth do we have?
20 deciduous or primary teeth
By age 7 how many permanent or secondary teeth do we have?
32 permanent or secondary teeth
What are the 4 types of secondary or permanent teeth?
1. incisors
2. Canines
3. Premolars
4. Molars
What do incisors do?
cutting
What do Canines do?
tearing
What do Premolars do?
crushing
What do Molars do ?
grinding
What is bolus ?
moist chewed food mixed with saliva
2-1-2-3 Formula of teeth ?
2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolar
3 molars
1/4 of your mouth
on testChief cells produce which enzyme ?
Pepsinogen "pepsi"
on testParietal cells produce which acid ?
hydrochloric acid (HCl) (can melt metal)
Mechanical digestion in stomach ?
Stomach muscles contracting (sometimes you can hear them working)
Mucous cells produces?
mucus, basic substance or alkaline
Why does your stomach produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) ?
to digest protein, red meat, chicken, fish
"intrinsic factor" (which helps absorption of vitamin B12)...without B-12 what happens?
anemic = not enough red blood cells and you will be short of breath
4 major groups of pancreatic enzymes ?
1. pancreatic amylase
2. pancreatic lipases
3. pancreatic nucleases
4. Pancreatic proteinases
Pancreas produces enzymes and hormones true or false ?
true
The bulk of enzymes that digest food comes from the pancreas. true or false?
True
Pancreas produces 2 important hormones
a. Insulin: lowers blood sugar level(Diabetes)
b. Glucagon: raises blood sugar level
Why is pancreatic cancer the worst ?
because you wont be able to absorb carbs, fat, protein,
Liver does what ?
1. detoxifies food
2. stores glycogen , iron , and vitamins A,D,B12
3. contains 7% of blood volume
4. recycles iron...
Gallbladder
on teststores bile does not make bile
Small intestine (90 % of absorption)
Divided into
1. duodenum (most important)
2. jejunum
3. ileumon test
micro villi does what?
take nutrients into the liver for detoxification then to blood.
Parts of large intestine ?
Divided into cecum , ascending colon , transverse colon ,descending colon , sigmoid colon , rectum , anal canal ,and anus
Large intestine absorbs mostly ?
Absorbs only water , electrolytes , and some
vitamins.