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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which correctly traces the path of urine?
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Renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethera
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Which correctly traces the path of urine?
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Renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethera
|
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Which correctly traces the path of urine?
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Renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethera
|
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Which is closest to the external surface of the
kidney? |
Cortex
|
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The presence of white blood cells in the urine is called?
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Pyuria
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Vitamin D is also known as:
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Cholecalciferol
|
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Vitamin K is required for:
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Blood clotting
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Minerals required for bone formation include:
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Calcium and phosphorus
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Most digestion occurs in the:
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Small intestine
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Nerve receptors for various sensations are located in the:
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Dermis
|
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The outer layer of the skin is called
|
Epidermis
|
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Which of the following tissues is found in the
kidney and is used for secretion or absorption: |
Simple cuboidal epithelium
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Which type of tissue is characterized by continuous loss and replacement:
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Epithelial tissue
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Blood is a type of:
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Connective tissue
|
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Cardiac and smooth muscle are similar in that:
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Both are involuntary (Heart)
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Nucleic acid begins and ends where?
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Small intestine
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What are the fat soluble vitamins?
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A, D, E, and K
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What vitamins are not fat soluble?
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B and C
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Vitamin A (Retinal) has a deficiency of:
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Leads to vision problems, and dry scaly skin
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Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) has a deficiency of:
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leads to rickets(soft skin) in kids and osteomalacia (strong bones) in adults.
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Vitamin K (phylloquinone) has a deficiency of:
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Blood clotting
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Vitamin B-12(cyanocobalamin) has a deficiency of:
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Pernicious anemia
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Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) has a deficiency of:
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scurvy ( abnormal bone development, swollen, painful joints)
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What defined as the amount of heat needed to raise 1,000g of water from 15 C to 16 C?
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Calories
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Absorption digestion occurs in the:
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Small intestine
|
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stratified means
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many layers
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the DNA nucleotide designated as the letter A
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adenine
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the DNA nucleotide designated as the letter T
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thymine
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the DNA nucleotide designated as the letter C
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cytosine
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the DNA nucleotide designated as the letter G
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guanine
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the DNA nucleotides that always joined together are
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adenine & thymine (A & T)
cytosine & guanine (C & G) |
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what does the complementary rule or
complementary base pairing mean? |
adenine (A) always binds with thymine (T) and
cytosine (C) always binds with guanine (G) |
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how many hydrogen bonds are there between
nucleotides A and T? |
2 hydrogen bounds between A and T
|
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how many hydrogen bonds are there between
nucleotides C and G? |
3 hydrogen bounds between G and C
|
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are the nucleotide bases located on the inside or outside of the DNA molecule?
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always inside
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what does DNA stand for?
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (De oxy ribo nucleic)
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what is DNA?
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genetic material
(carries the genetic characteristics) |
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what does DNA look like?
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a double helix (a twisted rope ladder)
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what 3 components make up DNA
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base, sugar, phosphate
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nucleotide bases T and C are single-ring structures called
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pyrimidines
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nucleotide bases A and G are larger double – ring structures called
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purines
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what are the 2 differences between DNA and RNA?
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In RNA the sugar is ribose instead of DeoxyriboseIn RNA the base Uracil(U) occurs in stead of Thymine (T)
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the enzyme that breaks the DNA hydrogen bond is called
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DNA hydrogenase
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the enzyme that reads the sequence on the DNA mother strand and matches the new bases is called
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DNA polymerase
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the enzyme that ties the DNA pieces together and is responsible for the coiling of the molecule is called
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DNA ligase
|
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what is it called when the 2 strands of a double
helix run in opposite directions? |
Anti parallel
|
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what is it called when a new DNA molecule
consists of an old and new strand |
semi conservative replication
|
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the conversion of RNA into protein is called
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translation
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the process of converting a DNA into RNA is called
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transcription
|
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where does the transcription of DNA into RNA take place?
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in the nucleus
|
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every three nucleotides in mRNA form a
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codon
|
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the complement to a codon in tRNA is a
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anticodon
|
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mRNA stands for
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messenger RNA
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tRNA stands for
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transfer RNA
|
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every three nucleotides in tRNA form a
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anticodon
|
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the combining of mRNA (codon) and tRNA
(anticodon) form what? |
a chain of amino acids that make up a protein
|
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write a complementary DNA strand to the following
ATGGGAGTT |
TACCCTCAA
|
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Write a complementary RNA strand to the following
AUGGGAGUU |
UACCCUCAA
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write the messenger RNA strand to the following DNA strand
ATGGGAGTT |
AUGGGAGUU
|
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are the sugar – phosphate chains located on the inside or outside of the DNA molecule?
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Always outside
|
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what does DNA store?
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your genetic characteristics
|
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Enzymes break the DNA hydrogen bonds and the molecule unwinds to create what?
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a replication fork
|
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how many bases are in this DNA strand?
ATGGGAGTT |
9
|
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how many codons are in this RNA strand ?
AUGGGAGUU |
3
|
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every 3 anticodons in a tRNA molecule is
translated into what? |
1 amino acid
|
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what's an easy way to remember what comes first transcription or translation?
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transCription comes before transLation just like C comes before L in the alphabet
|
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which molecule is single-stranded DNA or RNA
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RNA
|
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which molecule is double-stranded DNA or RNA
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DNA
|
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what sugar is found in a DNA molecule
Deoxyribose or Ribose? |
Deoxyribose
|
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what sugar is found in a RNA molecule
Deoxyribose or Ribose? |
Ribose
|
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what base is found in a DNA molecule Uracil(U) or Thymine (T)?
|
Thymine (T)
|
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what base is found in a RNA molecule Uracil (U) or Thymine (T)?
|
Uracil (U)
|
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a protein that can turn off RNA transcription is called
|
a repressor protein
|
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a protein that can turn on RNA transcription is called
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an activator protein
|
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what is an error in the duplication of DNA called?
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mutation
|
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what are factors such as radiation, chemical
substances, and genetic defects that affect the replication of DNA called |
mutagens
|
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formation of a nonsensical RNA message and
nonsensical protein due to the insertion of an incorrect base pair is called |
frameshift mutation
|
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cuboidal means?
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cube shaped
|
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columnar means?
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tall (like a brick standing on its short end)
|
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squamous means?
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flat
|
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simple epithelium
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a single layer of cells
|
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stratified epithelium
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multiple layers of cells
|
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what type of tissue is skin made of?
|
Epithelial tissue
|
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what type of tissue is the inner lining of the digestive system made of?
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Epithelial tissue
|
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what are the 4 types of tissue and what do they do?
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Epithelial tissues -- for covering and protection .Connective tissues -- for binding structures
together and for support . Muscle tissues -- for movement . Nervous tissues -- for coordinating body activities |
|
what type of tissue is used for covering and
protection? |
Epithelial tissues
|
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what type of tissue is used for binding and
support? |
Connective tissues
|
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what type of tissue is used for movement?
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Muscle tissues
|
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what type of tissue is used for coordinating body activities?
|
Nervous tissues
|
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what are the cells that make up connective tissue called?
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made of cells called fibroblasts
|
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what type of cell is cartilage made of?
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chondrocytes
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what type of cell is bone made up?
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osteocytes
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what type of cell is adipose (fat) made of
|
adipocytes
|
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what type of cell is blood made of?
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blood cells (white and red types)
|
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is blood a typical or atypical type of connective
tissue? |
atypical (not typical)
|
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why is blood considered an atypical type of
connective tissue? |
it is fluid (liquid)
|
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what are the three kinds of connective tissue fibers and their main characteristic?
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Collagenous fibers - are tough, don't bend
Elastic fibers - can bend Reticular fibers - thin, hold cells together |
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name the 5 types of connective tissue
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loose connective tissue
adipose tissue (fat) fibrous connective tissue (tendons and ligaments)cartilage (end of long bones, ears, nose) bone blood |
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what type of connective tissue binds epithelia (skin) to underlying tissues, functions as packing
materials, and holds organs in place? |
Loose connective tissue
|
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what type of connective tissue is organized into parallel bundles, forms tendons that attach
muscles to bones, and ligaments that join bones to bones at the joints? |
Fibrous connective tissue
|
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what type of fibers are tough and don't bend?
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Collagenous fibers
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what type of fibers are flexible and can bend?
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Elastic fibers
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what types of fibers hold cells together?
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Reticular fibers
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what type of tissue covers the external and internal surface of your body?
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Epithelial tissue
|
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what is the name of the structure attaches muscles to bones?
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tendons
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what is the name of the structure that attaches bones to bones?
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ligaments
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what is the name of the structure that protects the end of the bones and prevents them from rubbing together?
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Cartilage
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what is the cell that makes up cartilage called?
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Chondrocytes (Chon dro cytes)
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what is the cell that makes up bone called?
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Osteoblasts (Osteo blasts)
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what are the 4 functions of bone?
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give shapeprovide supportprotect vital internal
organsblood cell formation |
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what function does the red bone marrow perform?
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creates red blood cells , white blood cells , and platelets
|
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what are bone cells called?
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osteocytes (osteo cytes)
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What is the liquid part (matrix) of the blood minus the cells called?
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plasma
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what type of blood cell carries oxygen?
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Red blood cell
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what type of blood cell fights off viruses, bacteria, and other invaders?
|
White blood cells
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what type of blood cell aids in blood clotting?
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Platelets
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Is muscle a connective tissue?
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No
|
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what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle |
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where are the smooth muscles found, what is their function?
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surrounding walls of blood vessels, the digestive tract, and other hollow tubes in the body
control blood flow and blood pressure, and to push substances along the entire digestive tract They are uninucleated (single nucleus), non-striated (striped), and involuntary |
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where are the skeletal muscles found, what is their function?
|
found mainly attached to bones
allow the body to have body movements and to maintain body postures They are multinucleated (more than one nucleus), Striated (striped), and under voluntary control |
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where are the cardiac muscles found, what is their function?
|
form the heart chambers
allow the heart to pump blood to the lungs and to the body They are uninucleated (single nucleus), cross striated and involuntary (but can be manipulated by voluntary acts, changes heart rate when exercising) |
|
body movements as a results of skeletal muscle contraction is called?
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Locomotion
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|
constriction and dilation of blood vessel walls as the result of smooth muscle contraction is called?
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vasoconstriction - constriction, gets smaller- raises blood pressure
vasodilatation - dilation gets larger - lowers blood pressure |
|
wavelike motion along the digestive tract as a
result of smooth muscle contraction is called? |
Peristalsis
|
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the heart chambers pumping blood to the lungs and body as a result of cardiac muscle contraction is called?
|
Cardiac motion
|
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maintenance of body posture and muscle tone as a result of the contraction of skeletal muscles is called?
|
Posture maintenance
|
|
when the energy used in muscle contraction is
released as heat to help maintain a constant body temperature it's called? |
Heat generation (equals about 75% of ATP energy used in muscle contraction)
|
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Heat generation ;Functions of the muscular system
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about 75% of ATP energy used in musclecontraction is released as heat to help maintain a constant bodytemperature (since skeletal muscles are the most abundant‚ theyrelease the largest amount of heat in muscle tissue).
|
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Locomotion
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All body movements are the results of skeletalmuscle contraction.
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3 Transverse tubule ( T tubule )
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Well developed in skeletal and cardiac muscles to transport calcium. absent in smooth muscle
|
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Intercalated disk
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specialized intercellular junction that only occurs in cardiac muscle. skeletal and smooth muscles mainly rely on desmosomes.
|
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Parts of Skeletal Muscle; origin
|
immovable end of themuscle; connects to a bone by tendonor to another muscle by fascia.
|
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Parts of Skeletal Muscle; insertion
|
movable end of the muscle; connects to a bone by tendon or to another muscle by fascia.
|
|
abductor muscle
|
muscles that move body parts away fromthe
midline (e.g. abductor pollicis brevis). |
|
Sternocleidomastoid: origin, insertion, action?
|
Origin: ant. surface of sternum.Insertion: mastoid process oftemporal bone.
Action: head flexion,contralateral rotation, ipsilaterallateral flexion |
|
Scalenes: origin, insertion, action ?
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(Anterior, posterior,middle scalene).
Origin: transverse process ofcervical vertebrae. Insertion:Ant. first two ribs Action: flex and rotate neck. |
|
on test
Erector spinae: extend entire spine...what are the group of muscles ? |
iliocostalis,longissimus spinalis muscles
|
|
Trapezius (upper, middle , lower): function ?
|
Origin: occipital bone and spinesof C + T vertebrae.
Insertion: clavicle, spine andacromion process of scapula. Action: rotates and, pullsshoulder down. |
|
Rhomboid major function ?
|
Origin: spine of upper T- vertebra
Insertion: medial border ofscapula. Action: raises or elevates shoulder orscapula |
|
Rotator cuff action?
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These musclesstabilize the shoulder.
|
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Which is not a Rotator cuff muscles ?
1.Subscapularis 2. Supraspinatus 3. Infraspinatus 4. Teres minor 5.Teres major |
on test
5. Teres major is not a rotator muscle |
|
on test
3 Hamstring muscles ? |
1. Biceps femoris
2. Semitendinosus 3. Semimembranosus(not rectus femoris) |
|
on test
Which is not a Quadricep muscle ? 1.Rectus femoris (strongest muscle) 2.Vastus lateralis 3. vastus intermedius 4. vastus medialis 5. Bicep femoris |
5. Bicep femoris (2nd strongest muscle)
|
|
Tibialis anterior action ?
|
moves foot up
|
|
on test
Muscles of the abdominal wallwhich is superficial?external, internal, Transversus abdominis, Rectus abdominis : |
External oblique - superficial
Transversus abdominis- deepest |
|
Diaphragm is the respiratory (involuntary) muscle.What three foramen pass through the diaphragm ?
|
1. inferior vena cava- largest vein
2. aorta-largest heart artery 3. esophagus-throat |
|
muscles have a point of origin and insertion which one moves?
|
insertion
|
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Levator scapulae function?
|
raises scapula or shoulder
|
|
Pectoralis major: function?
|
flexes arm, rotates armmedially.
|
|
Latissimus dorsi function?
|
Action: extends,and rotates the armmedially, and pulls theshoulder downward andback.
|
|
Primary action of muscles is?
|
flexes forearmat elbow & rotates
(bi-because it has 2 origins) |
|
Biceps brachii function?
|
on testExtends forearm at elbow
(Tri-because it has 3 origins) |
|
Triceps brachii function?
|
on testExtends forearm at elbow
(Tri-because it has 3 origins) |
|
Gastrocnemius calf muscle function ?
|
plantar flexion =moves foot down
|
|
where is nervous tissue found?
|
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
|
|
what are the cells called that make up nervous
tissue? |
neurons
|
|
what is the function of the dendrite?
|
receive nerve impulse information
|
|
what is the function of an axon?
|
transmit impulses toward another neuron or toward an effector, such as a muscle cell
|
|
what is the function of nervous tissue?
|
detecting stimuli
generating and conducting nerve impulses transmitting nerve impulses to internal organs |
|
what is the function of glial cells?
|
support and protect the neuron
|
|
the skeleton is divided into 2 sections, what are those sections called
|
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton |
|
what bones are included in the axial skeleton?
|
(upper torso body 80 bones)
skull hyoid vertebral column (spine) thoracic cage (rib cage) |
|
what bones are included in the appendicular
skeleton? |
(lower torso body and arms, legs 126 bones)
pectoral girdle (shoulders) upper limbs (arms) pelvic girdle (hips) lower limbs (legs) |
|
approximately how many bones are in the human skeleton?
|
206
|
|
of all the bones in the body which bones do not come in contact with other bones?
|
inner ear bones (in the ear canal)
hyoid (in the neck below the tongue) patella (knee cap) |
|
what is the cheek bone called?
|
Zygomatic bone
(responsible for the shape of your face) |
|
what is the upper jaw bone called?
|
Maxilla
|
|
does the upper jaw bone (Maxilla) move?
|
No
|
|
what is the lower jaw bone called?
|
Mandible
|
|
does the lower jaw bone (Mandible) move?
|
Yes
|
|
what is the collar bone called?
|
Clavicle
|
|
what is the name of the breast bone that protects the heart?
|
Sternum
|
|
what is the name of the shoulder blade?
|
Scapula
|
|
what is the upper arm bone called?
|
Humerus
|
|
what is the name of the 2 bones in the forearm?
|
Radius (thumb side)
Ulna |
|
what is the name of the wrist bones?
|
carpal bones (8 bones)
|
|
what is the name of the bones in the palm of your hand?
|
Metacarpal bones
|
|
what are the bones of your fingers called
|
phalanges
|
|
what is your heel bone called?
|
Calcaneous
|
|
immovable joints in the axial skeleton are called?
|
synarthrosis
|
|
slightly movable joints in the axial skeleton are called?
|
amphiarthrosis
|
|
freely movable joints in the appendicular skeleton are called?
|
diarthrosis
|
|
which is tougher a tendon or a ligament?
|
tendons are tougher
|
|
what are the 3 layers of the skin?
|
epidermis (outer)
dermis (middle) subcutaneous or hypodermis (inner) |
|
what are the 4 functions of the skin?
|
Protection - keratinized cells provides a physicalbarrier
Excretion - waste materials such as ammonia, urea, and excessive salt Cutaneous sensation - heat, cold, pain, pressure, and touch Vitamin D synthesis - synthesis of vitamin D from ultraviolet radiation causes the modification of cholesterol |
|
what are the 3 main types of skin cancer
|
Basal Cell Carcinoma (most common)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (worse) Malignant melanoma (most dangerous) |
|
what are the main characteristics of Basal Cell
Carcinoma? |
most commonusually benign
affect the cells of the epidermis surgical removal is 99 percent effective |
|
what are the main characteristics of Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
|
mostly in the scalp , ears , or hands
grows and migrates rapidly early detection is critical for successful treatment |
|
what are the main characteristics of Malignant Melanoma?
|
most dangerous
cancer of the melanocytes (pigment cells) in stratum basale grow and migrates extremely rapidly usually deadly |
|
what is the middle portion of the muscle
where most contraction occurs called? |
belly
|
|
chemical digestion is what two things ?
|
saliva and amylase
|
|
how many saliva glands in the mouth ?
|
6
|
|
What is the only thing that can be chemically broken down in the mouth with saliva and amylase ?
|
carbohydrates
|
|
What is another name for mechanical ingestion or chewing?
|
Mastication
|
|
By the age of 6 how many primary teeth do we have?
|
20 deciduous or primary teeth
|
|
By age 7 how many permanent or secondary teeth do we have?
|
32 permanent or secondary teeth
|
|
What are the 4 types of secondary or permanent teeth?
|
1. incisors
2. Canines 3. Premolars 4. Molars |
|
What do incisors do?
|
cutting
|
|
What do Canines do?
|
tearing
|
|
What do Premolars do?
|
crushing
|
|
What do Molars do ?
|
grinding
|
|
What is bolus ?
|
moist chewed food mixed with saliva
|
|
2-1-2-3 Formula of teeth ?
|
2 incisors
1 canine 2 premolar 3 molars 1/4 of your mouth |
|
on testChief cells produce which enzyme ?
|
Pepsinogen "pepsi"
|
|
on testParietal cells produce which acid ?
|
hydrochloric acid (HCl) (can melt metal)
|
|
Mechanical digestion in stomach ?
|
Stomach muscles contracting (sometimes you can hear them working)
|
|
Mucous cells produces?
|
mucus, basic substance or alkaline
|
|
Why does your stomach produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) ?
|
to digest protein, red meat, chicken, fish
|
|
"intrinsic factor" (which helps absorption of vitamin B12)...without B-12 what happens?
|
anemic = not enough red blood cells and you will be short of breath
|
|
4 major groups of pancreatic enzymes ?
|
1. pancreatic amylase
2. pancreatic lipases 3. pancreatic nucleases 4. Pancreatic proteinases |
|
Pancreas produces enzymes and hormones true or false ?
|
true
|
|
The bulk of enzymes that digest food comes from the pancreas. true or false?
|
True
|
|
Pancreas produces 2 important hormones
|
a. Insulin: lowers blood sugar level(Diabetes)
b. Glucagon: raises blood sugar level |
|
Why is pancreatic cancer the worst ?
|
because you wont be able to absorb carbs, fat, protein,
|
|
Liver does what ?
|
1. detoxifies food
2. stores glycogen , iron , and vitamins A,D,B12 3. contains 7% of blood volume 4. recycles iron... |
|
Gallbladder
|
on teststores bile does not make bile
|
|
Small intestine (90 % of absorption)
|
Divided into
1. duodenum (most important) 2. jejunum 3. ileumon test |
|
micro villi does what?
|
take nutrients into the liver for detoxification then to blood.
|
|
Parts of large intestine ?
|
Divided into cecum , ascending colon , transverse colon ,descending colon , sigmoid colon , rectum , anal canal ,and anus
|
|
Large intestine absorbs mostly ?
|
Absorbs only water , electrolytes , and some
vitamins. |