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315 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Living organisms are composed of _________
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matter
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_______ is anything that occupies space and has mass
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Matter
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Matter is anything that occupies _______ and has mass
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space
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Matter is anything that occupies space and has ______
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mass
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An _________ is a substance that can't be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means.
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element
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An element is a substance that CAN / CAN'T be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means.
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can't
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An element is a substance that can't be ________ to other substances by ordinary chemical means.
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broken down
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An element is a substance that can't be broken down to other substances by ordinary ______ means.
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chemical
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There are ____ elements on the periodic table.
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92
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Life requires about ____ chemical elements
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25
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What four elements make up 96.3% of the human body?
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oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
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If oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96.3% of the human body, what makes up the other 3.7%
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Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium
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________ makes up 65% of the human body
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oxygen
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Oxygen makes up ____% of the human body
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65
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Oxygen makes up 65% of the __________
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human body
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"___" is the elemental symbol for oxygen
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O
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"O" is the elemental symbol for ______
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oxygen
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_______ makes up 18.5% of the human body
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Carbon
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Carbon makes up _____% of the human body
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18.5
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Carbon makes up 18.5% of the __________
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human body
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"___" is the elemental symbol for carbon
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C
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"C" is the elemental symbol for _______
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carbon
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_________ makes up for 9.5% of the human body
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Hydrogen
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Hydrogen makes up for____% of the human body
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9.5
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Hydrogen makes up for 9.5% of the ___________
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human body
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"__" is the elemental symbol for hydrogen
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H
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"H" is the elemental symbol for ________
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hydrogen
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__________ makes up 3.3% of the human body
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Nitrogen
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Nitrogen makes up ____% of the human body
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3.3
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Nitrogen makes up 3.3% of the _________
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human body
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"___" is the elemental symbol for nitrogen
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N
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"N" is the elemental symbol for _______
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nitrogen
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________ makes up for 1.5% of the human body
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Calcium
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Calcium makes up for ____% of the human body
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1.5
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Calcium makes up for 1.5% of the __________
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human body
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"___" is the elemental symbol for calcium
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Ca
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"Ca" is the elemental symbol for _________
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calcium
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_________ makes up for 1% of the human body
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phosphorus
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Phosphorus makes up for ___% of the human body
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1
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Phosphorus makes up for 1% of the ___________
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human body
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"___" is the elemental symbol for phosphorus
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P
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"P" is the elemental symbol for ___________
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phosphorus
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__________ accounts for 0.4% of the human body
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potassium
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Potassium accounts for ____% of the human body
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0.4
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Potassium accounts for 0.4% of the _________
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human body
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"___" is the elemental symbol for potassium
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K
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"K" is the elemental symbol for _________
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potassium
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________ accounts for 0.3% of the human body
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sulfur
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Sulfur accounts for ____% of the human body
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0.3
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Sulfur accounts for 0.3% of the __________
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human body
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"____" is the elemental symbol for sulfur
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S
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"S" is the elemental symbol for ________
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sulfur
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________ accounts for 0.2% of the human body
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sodium
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Sodium accounts for ____% of the human body
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0.2
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Sodium accounts for 0.2% of the __________
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human body
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"____" is the elemental symbol for sodium
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Na
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"Na" is the elemental symbol for ________
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sodium
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__________ accounts for 0.2% of the human body
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chlorine
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Chlorine accounts for ____% of the human body
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0.2
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Chlorine accounts for 0.2% of the _________
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human body
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"____" is the elemental symbol for chlorine
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Cl
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"Cl" is the elemental symbol for _______
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chlorine
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__________ accounts for 0.1% of the human body
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magnesium
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Magnesium accounts for ____% of the human body
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0.1
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Magnesium accounts for 0.1% of the __________
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human body
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"____" is the elemental symbol for magnesium
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Mg
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"Mg" is the elemental symbol for _________
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magnesium
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_____ makes up for 0.004% of the human body and is vital for energy processing and transporting oxygen in your blood.
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Iron
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Iron makes up for _______% of the human body and is vital for energy processing and transporting oxygen in your blood.
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0.004
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Iron makes up for 0.004% of the human body and is vital for ____________ and transporting oxygen in your blood.
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energy processing
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Iron makes up for 0.004% of the human body and is vital for energy processing and _______________.
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transporting oxygen in your blood
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______ is an essential ingredient of a hormone produced by the human thyroid gland, which is located in the neck.
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Iodine
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Iodine is an essential ingredient of a ________ produced by the human thyroid gland, which is located in the neck.
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hormone
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Iodine is an essential ingredient of a hormone produced by the human ____________, which is located in the neck.
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thyroid gland
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Iodine is an essential ingredient of a hormone produced by the human thyroid gland, which is located in the _____.
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neck
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Name two ways governments have injected inorganic elements into our everyday consumption...
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fluorine (F) in water
iodine (I) in table salt |
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A __________is a substance containing two or more elements.
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compound
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A compound is a substance containing _______ elements.
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two or more
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Many compounds consist of only ____ elements
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2
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Many compounds consist of only 2 _________
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elements
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An _____ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.
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atom
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An atom is the ________ unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.
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smallest
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An atom is the smallest unit of ______ that still retains the properties of an element.
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matter
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An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an ________.
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element
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It would take about ________ atoms to cover a period printed in a book.
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1 million
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It would take about 1 million ______ to cover a period printed in a book.
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atoms
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It would take about 1 million atoms to cover a _____________.
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period printed in a book
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_______ are split into subatomic particles
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atoms
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Atoms are split into ____________
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subatomic particles
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What are the three most important subatomic particles of an atom?
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the proton, electron, and neutron
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A ________ is a subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge
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proton
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A proton is a ___________ with a single positive electrical charge
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subatomic particle
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A proton is a subatomic particle with a _____ positive electrical charge
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single
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A proton is a subatomic particle with a single ______ electrical charge
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positive
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A proton is a subatomic particle with a single positive ____________
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electrical charge
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An _________ is a subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge.
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electron
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An electron is a ____________ with a single negative electrical charge.
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subatomic particle
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An electron is a subatomic particle with a ______ negative electrical charge.
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single
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An electron is a subatomic particle with a single _______ electrical charge.
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negative
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An electron is a subatomic particle with a single negative ___________.
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electrical charge
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A ________ is a subatomic particle with no electrical charge
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neutron
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A neutron is a ____________ with no electrical charge
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subatomic particle
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A neutron is a subatomic particle with ____ electrical charge
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no
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A neutron is a subatomic particle with no ____________
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electrical charge
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In ______, electrons are much smaller than protons and neutrons
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atoms
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In atoms, ________ are much smaller than protons and neutrons
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electrons
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In atoms, electrons are much smaller than ____________
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protons and neutrons
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__________ differ in the number of subatomic particles in their atoms.
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elements
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Elements differ in the ______ of subatomic particles in their atoms.
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number
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Elements differ in the number of _____________ in their atoms.
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subatomic particles
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Elements differ in the number of subatomic particles in their _________.
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atoms
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All ______ in a particular element have the same unique number of protons, which means the number of protons defines an element.
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atoms
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All atoms in a particular _________ have the same unique number of protons, which means the number of protons defines an element.
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element
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All atoms in a particular element have the same unique number of _______, which means the number of _______ defines an element.
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protons, protons
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All atoms in a particular element have the same unique number of protons, which means the number of protons ____________.
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defines an element
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An _________'s atomic number is based upon the number of protons in each atom of it.
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elements
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An element's ____________ is based upon the number of protons in each atom of it.
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atomic number
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An element's atomic number is based upon the _____ of protons in each atom of it.
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number
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An element's atomic number is based upon the number of ________ in each atom of it.
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protons
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An element's atomic number is based upon the number of protons in each _____ of it.
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atom
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Unless otherwise indicated, an ______ has an even number of protons and electrons.
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atom
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Unless otherwise indicated, an atom has an ______ number of protons and electrons.
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even
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Unless otherwise indicated, an atom has an even number of ______ and electrons.
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protons
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Unless otherwise indicated, an atom has an even number of protons and ________.
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electrons
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Unless otherwise indicated, an atom has an even number of _______ and _______.
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protons, electrons
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An ______'s mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
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atom
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An atom's ___________ is the sum of the protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
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mass number
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An atom's mass number is the sum of the _______ and neutrons in its nucleus.
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protons
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An atom's mass number is the sum of the protons and ________ in its nucleus.
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neutrons
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An atom's mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons in its ________.
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nucleus
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although all ______ of an element have the same atomic number, some atoms of a given element may differ in mass number.
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atoms
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although all atoms of an ________ have the same atomic number, some atoms of a given element may differ in mass number.
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element
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although all atoms of an element have ________ atomic number, some atoms of a given element may differ in mass number.
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the same
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although all atoms of an element have the same ___________, some atoms of a given element may differ in mass number.
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atomic number
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although all atoms of an element have the same atomic number, some _______ of a given element may differ in mass number.
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atoms
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although all atoms of an element have the same atomic number, some atoms of a given ________ may differ in mass number.
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element
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although all atoms of an element have the same atomic number, some atoms of a given element may differ in _______________.
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mass number
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The different ________ of an element have the same numbers of protons and electrons and behave identically in chemical reactions, but they have different numbers of neutrons.
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isotopes
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The different isotopes of an ______ have the same numbers of protons and electrons and behave identically in chemical reactions, but they have different numbers of neutrons.
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element
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The different isotopes of an element have ________ numbers of protons and electrons and behave identically in chemical reactions, but they have different numbers of neutrons.
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the same
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The different isotopes of an element have the same numbers of ________ and electrons and behave identically in chemical reactions, but they have different numbers of neutrons.
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protons
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The different isotopes of an element have the same numbers of protons and ________ and behave identically in chemical reactions, but they have different numbers of neutrons.
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electrons
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The different isotopes of an element have the same numbers of protons and electrons and behave _________ in chemical reactions, but they have different numbers of neutrons.
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identically
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The different isotopes of an element have the same numbers of protons and electrons and behave identically in _______ reactions, but they have different numbers of neutrons.
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chemical
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The different isotopes of an element have the same numbers of protons and electrons and behave identically in chemical reactions, but they have _______ numbers of neutrons.
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different
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The different isotopes of an element have the same numbers of protons and electrons and behave identically in chemical reactions, but they have different numbers of ________.
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neutrons
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___________ with 6 neutrons makes up 99% of all naturally-occurring carbon.
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Carbon-12
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Carbon-12 with ___ neutrons makes up 99% of all naturally-occurring carbon.
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6
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Carbon-12 with 6 _______ makes up 99% of all naturally-occurring carbon.
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neutrons
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Carbon-12 with 6 neutrons makes up _____% of all naturally-occurring carbon.
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99
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What are the three isotopes of carbon?
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carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14
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write the symbol for carbon-12
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12c
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write the symbol for carbon-13
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13c
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write the symbol for carbon 14
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14c
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How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in carbon-12?
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6,6,6
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How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in carbon-13?
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6,7,6
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how many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in carbon-14?
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6,8,6
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A nitrogen atom has ___ protons
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7
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a nitrogen atom has 7 ________
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protons
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the most common isotope of nitrogen has ___ neutrons
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7
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where a normal isotope of nitrogen has ___ neutrons, a radioactive isotope of nitrogen has ____
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7,9
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where a normal isotope of nitrogen has 7 neutrons, a _________ isotope of nitrogen has 9
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radioactive
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Because __________ is easily detected, radioactive isotopes are useful as tracers for monitoring the fate of atoms in living organisms
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radioactivity
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Because radioactivity is easily detected, _______________ are useful as tracers for monitoring the fate of atoms in living organisms
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radioactive isotopes
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Because radioactivity is easily detected, radioactive isotopes are useful as ______ for monitoring the fate of atoms in living organisms
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tracers
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Because radioactivity is easily detected, radioactive isotopes are useful as tracers for __________ the fate of atoms in living organisms
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monitoring
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Because radioactivity is easily detected, radioactive isotopes are useful as tracers for monitoring the fate of ______ in living organisms
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atoms
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Because radioactivity is easily detected, radioactive isotopes are useful as tracers for monitoring the fate of atoms in ___________
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living organisms
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Uncontrolled exposure to ______________ can cause damage, especially to DNA.
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radioactive isotopes
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Uncontrolled exposure to radioactive isotopes can cause damage, especially to _____.
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DNA
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The _______ an electron is from the nucleus, the greater its energy.
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farther
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The farther an ________ is from the nucleus, the greater its energy.
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electron
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The farther an electron is from the _______, the greater its energy.
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nucleus
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The farther an electron is from the nucleus, the _______ its energy.
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greater
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The farther an electron is from the nucleus, the greater its _______.
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energy
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The number of ___________ around an atom depends on its atomic number.
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electron shells
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The number of electron shells around an _____ depends on its atomic number.
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atom
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The number of electron shells around an atom depends on its __________.
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atomic number
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_______ whose electron shells don't have matching electrons tend to interact with other atoms.
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atoms
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Atoms whose _________ don't have matching electrons tend to interact with other atoms.
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electron shells
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Atoms whose electron shells don't have matching _________ tend to interact with other atoms.
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electrons
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Atoms whose electron shells don't have matching electrons tend to _______ with other atoms.
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interact
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Atoms whose electron shells don't have matching electrons tend to interact with other ___________.
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atoms
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the _____ electron shell around a nucleus can only hold 2 electrons
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first
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the first ______________ around a nucleus can only hold 2 electrons
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electron shell
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the first electron shell around a _________ can only hold 2 electrons
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nucleus
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the first electron shell around a nucleus can only hold ___ electrons
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2
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the first electron shell around a nucleus can only hold 2 ____________
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electrons
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An _______'s outermost electron shell can hold up to 8 electrons
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atom
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An atom's outermost ___________ can hold up to 8 electrons
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electron shell
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An atom's __________ electron shell can hold up to 8 electrons
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outermost
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An atom's outermost electron shell can hold up to ___ electrons
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8
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An atom's outermost electron shell can hold up to 8 ____________
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electrons
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If _________ atoms' electron shells are uneven, a chemical reaction takes place.
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two or more
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If two or more _______' electron shells are uneven, a chemical reaction takes place.
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atoms
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If two or more atoms' ____________ are uneven, a chemical reaction takes place.
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electron shells
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If two or more atoms' electron shells are _______, a chemical reaction takes place.
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uneven
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If two or more atoms' electron shells are uneven, a _______________ takes place.
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chemical reaction
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If an atom has 6 protons and 5 electrons, what is its net electrical charge?
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+1
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An _______ of protons over electrons produces a positive net electrical charge
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excess
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An excess of _________ over electrons produces a positive net electrical charge
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protons
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An excess of protons over ________ produces a positive net electrical charge
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electrons
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An excess of protons over electrons produces a ________ net electrical charge
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positive
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An excess of protons over electrons produces a positive _____________
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net electrical charge
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An ____ is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of one or more electrons
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ion
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An ion is an _____ or _______ with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of one or more electrons
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atom, molecule
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An ion is an atom or molecule with an ___________ resulting from a gain or loss of one or more electrons
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electrical charge
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An ion is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a _____ or _____ of one or more electrons
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gain, loss
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An ion is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of ________ electrons
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one or more
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An ion is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of one or more ________
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electrons
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Two ____ with opposite charges attract each other and is held together by an ionic bond
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ions
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Two ions with _______ charges attract each other and is held together by an ionic bond
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opposite
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Two ions with opposite ________ attract each other and is held together by an ionic bond
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charges
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Two ions with opposite charges _______ each other and is held together by an ionic bond
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attract
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Two ions with opposite charges attract each other and is held together by an __________
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ionic bond
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What are the three types of atomic bonds?
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ionic, covalent, hydrogen
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When ____ atoms share one or more pairs of outer electron shells, it's known as a covalent bond.
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two
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When two ______ share one or more pairs of outer electron shells, it's known as a covalent bond.
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atoms
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When two atoms share ____________ pairs of outer electron shells, it's known as a covalent bond.
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one or more
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When two atoms share one or more pairs of ______ electron shells, it's known as a covalent bond.
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outer
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When two atoms share one or more pairs of outer ____________, it's known as a covalent bond.
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electron shells
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When two atoms share one or more pairs of outer electron shells, it's known as a ____________.
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covalent bond
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_________ atoms held together by a covalent bond form a molecule
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two or more
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two or more ______ held together by a covalent bond form a molecule
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atoms
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two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond form a _________
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molecule
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the number of _________ bonds an atom can form is equal to the number of additional electrons needed to fill its outer shell.
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covalent
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the number of covalent bonds an _____ can form is equal to the number of additional electrons needed to fill its outer shell.
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atom
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the number of covalent bonds an atom can form is equal to the number of additional _______ needed to fill its outer shell.
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electrons
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the number of covalent bonds an atom can form is equal to the number of additional electrons needed to fill its ___________.
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outer shell
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a ___________ consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.
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water molecule
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a water molecule consists of _____ hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.
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two
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a water molecule consists of two ________ atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.
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hydrogen
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a water molecule consists of two hydrogen _____ covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.
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atoms
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a water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms _________ bonded to a single oxygen atom.
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covalently
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a water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to ____ oxygen atom.
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one
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a water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single _____ atom.
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oxygen
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a water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen _____.
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atom
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An ____'s attraction for its electrons, including shared electrons, is called its electronegativity
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atom
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An atom's attraction for its ________, including shared electrons, is called its electronegativity
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electrons
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An atom's attraction for its electrons, including shared electrons, is called its __________
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electronegativity
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if there's an ________ of electrons in a bond, it's considered to be a non-polar bond.
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even pull
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|
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if there's an even pull of _________ in a bond, it's considered to be a non-polar bond.
|
electrons
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|
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if there's an even pull of electrons in a _____, it's considered to be a non-polar bond.
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bond
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|
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if there's an even pull of electrons in a bond, it's considered to be a ________ bond.
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non-polar
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|
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if there's an even pull of electrons in a bond, it's considered to be a non-polar _______.
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bond
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in living organisms, most of the strongest __________ are covalent, linking atoms to form a cell's molecules.
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chemical bonds
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|
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in living organisms, most of the strongest chemical bonds are _________, linking atoms to form a cell's molecules.
|
covalent
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|
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in living organisms, most of the strongest chemical bonds are covalent, linking ______ to form a cell's molecules.
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atoms
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|
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in living organisms, most of the strongest chemical bonds are covalent, linking atoms to form a cell's ________.
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molecules
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Water is the most original element on earth because...
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it's the only element that exists in three different forms (solid, liquid, and gas)
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|
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the tendency for ________ to stick together is called cohesion.
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molecules
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the tendency for molecules to __________ is called cohesion.
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stick together
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|
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the tendency for molecules to stick together is called ________.
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cohesion
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____________ is the measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
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Surface tension
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|
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Surface tension is the measure of how difficult it is to _______ or _____ the surface of a liquid.
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stretch, break
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|
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Surface tension is the measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the _______ of a liquid.
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surface
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|
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Surface tension is the measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a _____.
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liquid
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|
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Water resists temperature better than most other substances due to _____________
|
hydrogen bonding
|
|
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What is the difference between temperature and heat?
|
HEAT is the amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in a body of matter. TEMPERATURE measures the intensity of the heat; the average speed of the molecules rather than the total amount of heat.
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|
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a ________ is a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances
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solution
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a solution is a _______ consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances
|
liquid
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a solution is a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of __________ substances
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two or more
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|
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a solution is a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more ___________
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substances
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a dissolving agent is a ______, where the substance that's dissolved is a ________.
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solvent, solute
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|
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when _______ is a solvent, the result is called an aqueous solution
|
water
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when water is a _________, the result is called an aqueous solution
|
solvent
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|
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when water is a solvent, the result is called an ___________
|
aqueous solution
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|
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a __________ that adds hydrogen ions to a solution is an acid
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compound
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a compound that _______ hydrogen ions to a solution is an acid
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adds
|
|
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a compound that adds _______ ions to a solution is an acid
|
hydrogen
|
|
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a compound that adds hydrogen ____ to a solution is an acid
|
ions
|
|
|
a compound that adds hydrogen ions to a ________ is an acid
|
solution
|
|
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a compound that adds hydrogen ions to a solution is an _____
|
acid
|
|
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a _______ that subtracts hydrogen ions from a solution is a base
|
compound
|
|
|
a compound that _____ hydrogen ions to a solution is a base
|
adds
|
|
|
a compound that adds _______ ions to a solution is a base
|
hydrogen
|
|
|
a compound that adds hydrogen _____ to a solution is a base
|
ions
|
|
|
a compound that adds hydrogen ions to a _______ is a base
|
solution
|
|
|
a compound that subtracts hydrogen ions from a solution is a ________
|
base
|
|
|
The _________ is used to describe how acidic or basic a solution is
|
pH Scale
|
|
|
The pH scale is used to describe how ______ or ______ a solution is
|
acidic, basic
|
|
|
The pH scale is used to describe how acidic or basic a _______ is
|
solution
|
|
|
_____________ is rain, snow or fog with a pH level lower than 5.6
|
acid precipitation
|
|
|
Acid precipitation is ______________ with a pH level lower than 5.6
|
rain, snow, or fog
|
|
|
Acid precipitation is rain, snow or fog with a _________ lower than 5.6
|
pH level
|
|
|
Acid precipitation is rain, snow or fog with a pH level _____ than 5.6
|
lower
|
|
|
Acid precipitation is rain, snow or fog with a pH level lower than ____
|
5.6
|
|
|
___________ rain has a pH level of 5.6
|
uncontaminated
|
|
|
Uncontaminated rain has a ___________ of 5.6
|
pH level
|
|
|
Uncontaminated rain has a pH level of ____
|
5.6
|
|
|
DO ASSIGNMENTS ON PAGE 30 IN BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK
|
DO ASSIGNMENTS ON PAGE 30 IN BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK
|
|
|
Name the three types of light microscopes
|
Light microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope
|
|
|
What's the main benefit of the light microscope?
|
only light microscope with the ability to observe living organisms
|
|
|
What's the main setback of the light microscope?
|
Lowest resolution of the three light microscopes
|
|
|
What's the main benefit of the scanning electron microscope?
|
Much greater resolution than the Light Microscope
|
|
|
What's the main setback of the scanning electron microscope?
|
Unable to observe live specimens due to the need of a vacuum chamber.
|
|
|
What's the main benefit of the transmission electron microscope?
|
The ability to insert varying colors to observe differing segments of a specimen.
|
|
|
What's the main setback of the transmission electron microscope?
|
Unable to observe live specimens due to the need of a vacuum chamber.
|
|
|
What is the major limiting factor on maximum cell size?
|
The size of a cell depends on the amount of surface area needed to obtain necessary nutrients and dispose of wastes.
|
|
|
Give two examples of how cell size and shape are related to function.
|
a. Plants cells have a rigid cell wall for protection and to maintain a defined shape.
b. Animal cells are fluid to support more frequent chemically-based activity. |
|
|
Which light microscope is beneficial due to its higher resolution than the light microscope?
|
scanning electron microscope
|
|
|
BACTERIA, PLANT, ANIMAL CELLS
Name organelles common to all three |
plasma membrane, ribosomes
|
|
|
BACTERIA, PLANT, ANIMAL CELLS
Name organelles common to plant and bacterial cells |
cell wall
|
|
|
BACTERIA, PLANT, ANIMAL CELLS
Name organelles common to plant and animal cells |
microtubule, intermediate filament, microfilament, nucleus, peroxisome, mitochondrion, golgi apparatus, smooth ER, rough ER
|
|
|
Names processes of smooth ER
|
synthesize lipids
detoxify drugs and other harmful substances store calcium ions |
|
|
Names processes of rough ER
|
creates membrane for itself and other organelles
modify proteins that are transported to other organelles or are secreted |
|
|
Explain the golgi apparatus and its relation to rough and smooth ER
|
The Golgi Apparatus serves as a figurative “post office” for cell processes as it receives and modifies substances made in the ERs and sorts them for distribution to other organelles.
|
|
|
List the functions of lysosomes
|
a. Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles to facilitate the release of the food’s nutrients to the cell.
b. Lysomes fuse with damaged organelles or small amounts of cell fluid to recycle any organic molecules that can be reused for cell function. c. Lysosomes play multiple roles in embryonic development. One example is that they help destroy the webbing that is formed between the fingers of human embryos. |
|
|
How are lysomes related to fatal diseases?
|
If enough lysosomes lack the hydrolytic enzymes needed to process food, damaged organelles, cell fluid, or other matter, they can become engorged with these therefore indigestible substances and can interfere with other cellular functions.
|
|
|
Names the three cytoskeletal elements of a cell
|
microfilament
intermediate filament microtubule |
|
|
For microtubules, explain their importance in the 9+2 arrangement in the cilia and flagella.
|
Each outer-doublet connects into an identically-situated collection of triplets on the organism called a basalt structure. Since each doublet fits into a triplet unevenly, the travel of each microtubule to alternate fitting in spaces of the triplet facilitates movement of the cilia or flagella.
|
|
|
What problems do cell walls present in cell-to-cell communication and how do plants solve this?
|
Cell walls’ main function is to protect plasma membrane and the fragile organelles it houses from the exterior of the cell. This sectionalism makes inter-cell communication difficult, but in plant cells, plasomdesmata are channels in cells walls that transfer important nutrients such as water between cells.
|
|
|
List three cell-to-cell junctions in animals and where each is found.
|
TIGHT JUNCTIONS: In places where preventing contents from leaking into surrounding areas are necessary.
ANCHORING JUNCTIONS: Common to areas “subject to stretching or mechanical stress.” GAP JUNCTIONS: Important in places where “chemical communication between cells is essential.” |
|
|
List two ways chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar
|
Enclosed by two membranes
Process elements to produce energy |
|
|
List two ways chloroplasts and mitochondria differ
|
Chloroplasts are an instrument for photosynthesis.
Mitochondrias have two compartments, where cholorplasts have three. |
