Bio 100 Test 1

Front 1

observations

Back 1

information gathered about a given subject through data, measurements, physical observations, etc.

Front 2

hypothesis

Back 2

supposition about an observable phenomenon; must be testable intended for investigation

Front 3

control group

Back 3

minimizes unintended influences on other variables, bias, environmental changes and biological variation; validates experimental data

Front 4

experimental group

Back 4

group in which hypothesis is tested; the variables which will be measured are applied to this group

Front 5

independent variable

Back 5

only one!; it is the part of the experiment you control changes that occur which are caused by the experimenter

Front 6

dependent variable

Back 6

can be many; depend on independent variable; what you are measuring; changes that occur due to the independent variable

Front 7

sample size

Back 7

number of units being studied; sample size should be large enough to find a true difference between experimental and control group

Front 8

fact

Back 8

an observation that has repeatedly been confirmed

Front 9

observations

Back 9

information gathered about a given subject through data, measurements, physical observations, etc.

Front 10

theory

Back 10

an explanation of some aspect of the natural world which is supported by a variety of observations, evidence, and experimentation

Front 11

prokaryotic

Back 11

has no nucleus; plant, fungi or protist cell; plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA; cell wall; nucleoid simulating nucleus

Front 12

hypothesis

Back 12

supposition about an observable phenomenon; must be testable intended for investigation

Front 13

control group

Back 13

minimizes unintended influences on other variables, bias, environmental changes and biological variation; validates experimental data

Front 14

experimental group

Back 14

group in which hypothesis is tested; the variables which will be measured are applied to this group

Front 15

independent variable

Back 15

only one!; it is the part of the experiment you control changes that occur which are caused by the experimenter

Front 16

dependent variable

Back 16

can be many; depend on independent variable; what you are measuring; changes that occur due to the independent variable

Front 17

sample size

Back 17

number of units being studied; sample size should be large enough to find a true difference between experimental and control group

Front 18

fact

Back 18

an observation that has repeatedly been confirmed

Front 19

theory

Back 19

an explanation of some aspect of the natural world which is supported by a variety of observations, evidence, and experimentation

Front 20

prokaryotic

Back 20

has no nucleus; plant, fungi or protist cell; plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA; cell wall; nucleoid simulating nucleus

Front 21

eykaryotic

Back 21

"animal cell"; nucleus bonded by double membrane containing DNA for increased efficiency; linear DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, filled with membrane-bound organelles; complexity and larger cell structure increases efficience

Front 22

lactobacillus adicophilus

Back 22

most commonly used probiotic; when it breaks down food, creates hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid which kill bad bacteria; break down complex sugars to get energy; break down proteins to get amino acids

Front 23

mutualism

Back 23

positive reciprocal relationship between two species; both species enhance survival, growth or fitness

Front 24

parasitism

Back 24

relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the host

Front 25

adipose tissue

Back 25

specialized connective tissue; major storage site for fat in the form of triglycerides; found in mammals; white and brown; serves as heat insulation, mechanical cushion and a source of energy

Front 26

eykaryotic

Back 26

"animal cell"; nucleus bonded by double membrane containing DNA for increased efficiency; linear DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, filled with membrane-bound organelles; complexity and larger cell structure increases efficience

Front 27

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 27

responsible for production of protein and lipid components of most cells' organelles; moves protein and carbs to golgi apparatus. plasma membrane and lysosomes; rough ER is covered in ribosomes and the site of protein synthesis; smooth ER vesicles carrying new protein budded off of this

Front 28

lactobacillus adicophilus

Back 28

most commonly used probiotic; when it breaks down food, creates hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid which kill bad bacteria; break down complex sugars to get energy; break down proteins to get amino acids

Front 29

golgi apparatus

Back 29

directs molecular traffic in cell, nearly all cells go through this organelle at some point in existence

Front 30

mutualism

Back 30

positive reciprocal relationship between two species; both species enhance survival, growth or fitness

Front 31

DNA

Back 31

deoxyribonucleic acid; nucleic acid containing genetic instructions located in nucleus/nucleoid; consists of polymers, nucleotides, sugar and phosphates joined by ester bonds

Front 32

parasitism

Back 32

relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the host

Front 33

leptin

Back 33

hormone that plays key role in energy intake and expenditure (appetite and metabolism); appetite repressing hormone

Front 34

adipose tissue

Back 34

specialized connective tissue; major storage site for fat in the form of triglycerides; found in mammals; white and brown; serves as heat insulation, mechanical cushion and a source of energy

Front 35

Protein

Back 35

=DNA+RNA+Ribosome

Front 36

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 36

responsible for production of protein and lipid components of most cells' organelles; moves protein and carbs to golgi apparatus. plasma membrane and lysosomes; rough ER is covered in ribosomes and the site of protein synthesis; smooth ER vesicles carrying new protein budded off of this

Front 37

golgi apparatus

Back 37

directs molecular traffic in cell, nearly all cells go through this organelle at some point in existence

Front 38

DNA

Back 38

deoxyribonucleic acid; nucleic acid containing genetic instructions located in nucleus/nucleoid; consists of polymers, nucleotides, sugar and phosphates joined by ester bonds

Front 39

leptin

Back 39

hormone that plays key role in energy intake and expenditure (appetite and metabolism); appetite repressing hormone

Front 40

Protein

Back 40

=DNA+RNA+Ribosome

Front 41

cell membrane

Back 41

selectively permeable; contains biological molecules--primarily proteins and lipids; anchors cytoskeleton and provides shape to the cell

Front 42

neuron

Back 42

cells of the nervous system, carry messages; surrounded by cell membranes; have nuclei and DNA; eukaryotic; dendrites (bring info) axons (take information away)

Front 43

active transport

Back 43

uses proteins and ATP to pump substances in and out of cells; generates charge gradients; concentrates ions, minerals, and nutrients; keeps unwanted ions/molecules out

Front 44

diffusion

Back 44

when small molecules pass through lipid bilayer of a cell membrane; facilitated diffusion depends on carrier proteins

Front 45

action potential

Back 45

electrical membrane potential of cell rapidly rises and falls, activate intercellular processes; nerve impulses emitting action

Front 46

serotonin

Back 46

chemical messenger transmitting nerve signals, causes blood vessels to narrow, can alter mood

Front 47

synapse

Back 47

junction allowing neurons to pass electrical or chemical signals to another cell

Front 48

neurotransmitter

Back 48

endogenous chemicals transmit signals from neuron to target cell across a synapse

Front 49

exocytosis

Back 49

process by which cell directs secretory vesicles out of membrane; sent to components of cell membrane

Front 50

reuptake

Back 50

re-absorption of neurotransmitter by transmitter;allows for recycling of neurotransmitters

Front 51

monoamine oxidase

Back 51

family of enzymes catalyzing oxidation of monoamines; bound to outer membrane of mitochondria

Front 52

primary structure (of a protein)

Back 52

linear sequence of amino acids and location of any disulfide bridges

Front 53

amino acid

Back 53

building blocks (monomers) of proteins; 20 different ones; shape and properties dictated by their sequence

Front 54

enzyme

Back 54

protein that catalyzes chemical reactions; converts substrates to products; lower activation energy

Front 55

hormone

Back 55

secreted by endocrine system into circulatory system to maintain homeostasis; derived from amino acid peptides and sterols; peptide hormones require carrier proteins and there receptors are located in plasma membrane

Front 56

hemoglobin

Back 56

iron-containing oxygen transport metalloprotein

Front 57

insulin

Back 57

hormone that regulates energy and glucose metabolism in body; causes liver, muscle and fat tissue to take up glucose; stops use of fat as energy source

Front 58

chromosome

Back 58

organized building of DNA protein; single piece of coiled DNA containing genes, regulates elements and nucleotide sequences

Front 59

gene

Back 59

unit of heredity; in DNA codes for type of protein or RNA chain with certain functions

Front 60

nucleotides

Back 60

when joined together make up structure units of RNA and DNA

Front 61

allele

Back 61

one of the 2+ forms of DNA sequence, diploid = 2 chromosomes (each with 1 allele); if alleles are different, heterozygote, if the same homozygote

Front 62

Gel Electrophoresis

Back 62

technique used for separation of DNA or RNA fields using electric field applied to gel matrix