Bio 100 Final

Front 1

What were the first known photosynthetic organisms?

Back 1

cyanobacteria

Front 2

Georges Cuvier

Back 2

- one of the first to propose extinction of species
-stated that there must have been catastrophic events that occur periodically
-wiped many creatures out at once
-other creatures migrated and filled up space

Front 3

Charles Lyell and James Hutton

Back 3

-proposed continuous slow change

Front 4

Lamark's

Back 4

-used or did not use a particular body feature, determined what would get passed on.

ex. giraffe stretches neck, giraffes with longer necks, would have offspring with long necks

Front 5

Charles Darwin

Back 5

-hired as specimen collector on the voyage of the beagle
-creatures on different land masses were different

-species seemed related to each other when closer together

Front 6

Do similarities or differences show common ancestry?

Back 6

similarities

Front 7

Do similarities or differences show adaptations?

Back 7

differences

Front 8

Natural selection

Back 8

causes change the ones that are suited to their environments and they will have more offspring that survive

Front 9

Example of natural selection

Back 9

1) population with varied inherited traits
2)elimination of individuals with certain traits
3)reproduction of survivors
4)increasing frequency of traits enhance survival and reproductive success.

Front 10

Genomics

Back 10

looking at the whole set of genes within an organism

Front 11

Bioinformatics

Back 11

using computers and biology to mine data from huge sets of information to try to find commonalities among things

Front 12

Human Genome Project

Back 12

-started in 1990
-work as a team and sequence entire human genome
-genetic mapping ---> physical mapping ----> DNA sequence

Front 13

Shot Gun Method

Back 13

cut w/ endonucleases, sequence each fragment and use computer to find overlaps

Front 14

Smaller genomes and small collection of genes

Back 14

bacteria

Front 15

large organisms with larger genomes, which allows for more mutation

Back 15

eukaryotes

Front 16

comparing genome sequences

Back 16

1% difference between humans and chimps at genetic level

- virtually no differences between humans

Front 17

Camouflage exhibited by mantids is an example of what?

Back 17

adaptation of species to its niche

Front 18

Various cultivated vegetables are all descended from wild mustard. What is this an example of?

Back 18

artificial selection

Front 19

Mammalian forelimbs are examples of what?

Back 19

homologous structures

Front 20

What forms found in the fossil record support Darwin's theory of evolution?

Back 20

transitional forms

Front 21

What does natural selection act on?

Back 21

heritable variation in populations

Front 22

artificial selection

Back 22

breeding individuals that have desired traits

Front 23

homology

Back 23

related species can have characteristics with underlying similarity even though they have different functions

Front 24

vestigal structure

Back 24

remnants of features that served important functions in organisms ancestors

Front 25

convergent evolution

Back 25

independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

Front 26

geographic variation

Back 26

differences in the genetic composition of separate populations

Front 27

genetic drift

Back 27

process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next most pronounced in small populations

Front 28

gene flow

Back 28

transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals

Front 29

directional selection

Back 29

occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme or phenotypic range. thereby shifting characteristics one way or another

Front 30

disruptive selection

Back 30

occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes

Front 31

stabilizing selection

Back 31

acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variations

Front 32

sexual selection

Back 32

individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain mates

Front 33

microevolution

Back 33

changes over time in allele frequencies in a population

Front 34

macroevolution

Back 34

broad pattern of evolution over long spans of time

Front 35

reproductive isolation

Back 35

existence of biological factors that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring

Front 36

prezygotic barrier

Back 36

block fertilization from occurring

Front 37

sympatric speciation

Back 37

speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area

Front 38

hybrid zone

Back 38

region where members of different species meet and mate

Front 39

allopatric speciation

Back 39

speciation that occurs in populations in different geographic areas