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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis
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stay the same
maintaining conditions (that may vary) but only within very specific limits |
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Cell Membrane
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Champion of cellular life- its protector
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Function of plasma membrane
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lipids and cholesterol
proteins |
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fluid mosiac model of membrane structure
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a cell membrane is an asymmetrical mixture- a mosiac- of phospholipids, glycolipids, sterols, and proteins. The membrane shows fluid behavior because of movements, interactions, and packing variations among its lipids and proteins
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semi-permeable
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pass through
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Passive transfer
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cell doesn't use energy to get things in and out
diffusion osmosis |
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active transfer
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uses energy to get things in and out
active transport endocytosis exocytosis |
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concentration gradient
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more on one part of space than other
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gradient steepness
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net movement of some molecules from high to love concentration
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characteristics of diffusion
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all molecules are in constant motion (random movement due to kinetic energy)
a membrane is not necessary for diffusion to occur net diffusion in a given direction depends on the presence of a concentration gradient |
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external factors which influence diffusion rates
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temperature
pressure viscosity of solvent diffusion through a membrane |
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temperature
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hotter the temperature the faster molecules move`
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pressure
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increasing pressure will decrease the rate of diffusion
higher elevation boiling point decreases |
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viscosity of solvent
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thicker the solution the slower diffusion
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diffusion through a membrane
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only if membrane is permeable
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dynamic equilibrium
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when the net distribution of molecules is nearly uniform in two adjoining regions or even within the same region
molecules still moving, no net movement |
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osmosis
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unlike diffusion, osmosis deals with the diffusion of water and not the movement of solute molecules
net movement of water molecules from an area of higher concentration of water to an area of lower concentration of water |
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characteristics of osmosis
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a selectively permeable membrane is required
at least one non-diffusible solute is needed no osmotic effect is seen by diffusible solutes tonicity; refers to the relative solute concentrations of two fluiids turgor pressure- hydrostatic pressure, a force directed against a membrane |
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hypertonic solution
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more nondiffusible solutes outside cell than inside
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hypotonic solution
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less non-diffusible solutes out of cell than inside
Water move in cell will lyse |
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isotonic solutions
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transplanting tissues
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active transfer
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movement of solute molecules from low to high concentration (pull iodine in) going through membrane
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endocytosis
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take in
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exocytosis
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let out
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phagocytosis/ pinoctyosis
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cell eating/ cell drinking
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metabolism
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a general term to describe all of the chemical activity necessary to assure cell growth, maintenance, and reproduction
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energy
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the capacity to bring out movement against an opposing force
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Forms of energy
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heat mechanical chemical electrical light
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first law of thermodynamics
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energy cannot be created or destroyed just transferred from one from to another
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second law of thermodynamics
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more ordered to a less ordered state. any organized system tends to become more disorganized over time
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Ice water steam, which had most entropy
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most-steam
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entropy
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measure of degree of disorganization in a CLOSED system
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Life consists of highly unorganized organic molecules, high-energy requirement. Does life therefore violate the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
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NO, we need energy (food/drink). We are an open system. it has to be a closed system so no energy is going in.
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oxidation
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removal/loss of electron or hydrogen atom from molecule
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reduction
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gaining
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redox reaction
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to have normal chemistry. If you don't you make free radicals
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electron carriers-
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molecules that serve to transfer electrons from one molecule to another in ATP formation
TAXI |
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electron transport system
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passing hot potato
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Where is energy stored and released?
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within the bond of the 3rd phosphate (ATP & ADP)
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Ice water steam, which had most entropy
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most-steam
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entropy
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measure of degree of disorganization in a CLOSED system
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Life consists of highly unorganized organic molecules, high-energy requirement. Does life therefore violate the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
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NO, we need energy (food/drink). We are an open system. it has to be a closed system so no energy is going in.
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oxidation
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removal/loss of electron or hydrogen atom from molecule
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reduction
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gaining
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redox reaction
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to have normal chemistry. If you don't you make free radicals
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electron carriers-
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molecules that serve to transfer electrons from one molecule to another in ATP formation
TAXI |
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electron transport system
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passing hot potato
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Where is energy stored and released?
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within the bond of the 3rd phosphate (ATP & ADP)
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desity of PGAL
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converted back into RuBP
synthesized into glucose assembled into lipids and amino acids |
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chemosynthesis
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using chemical energy
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Light independent chemical reaction can occur over night? T or F
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False, it needs photosynthesis which only occurs during day.
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glycolysis
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initial stage- split sugar in half
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Krebs cycle
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build up of CO2 causes you to breathe.
purpose is to completely dismantle the pyruvate molecules for each pyruvate you end with 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH and release CO2 |
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Electron Transport Chain
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reactions begin in the inner compartment of the itochondria when NADH and FADH give up their hydrogen atoms
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Amount of ATP
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36
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anaerobic vs aerobic
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anaerobic without energy
aerobic with energy |
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anaerobic electron transport (chemosynthesis)
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MOST ATP. energy from sugar
inorganic compound such as sulfur is the final electron acceptor |
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alcohol fermentation
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breakdown of glucose, yielding alcohol. the final acceptor is ethanol.
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lactate fermentation
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pathway can be used by some bacteria and by some cells that normally carry out aerobic respiration (MUSCLES)
without O2 |
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Why does plant photosynthesize?
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uses respiration to break down sugar. They use both we only use one.
photo- day res- 24 hour |
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relationship between photosynthesis and respiration
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earth is an open system interrelated
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