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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the characteristics of life as explained in BIO 100.
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Complex Organized Structures
Metabolism Growth & Development Capacity to Evolve Homeostasis Reproduction Respond to Outside Stimuli |
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Give examples of Complex Organized Structures as it applies to the characteristics of life.
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Organ systems within an organism
Organelles within the cell |
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Define : Metabolism
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The sum of every biological process in your body. Catabolism breaks down molecules to produce energy, while Anabolism builds molecules and uses energy.
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Define : Catabolism
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Breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules and releasing energy.
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Define : Anabolism
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Building up smaller molecules into larger molecules and USING energy.
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Example : Catabolic Process
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Protein Digestion
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Example : Anabolic Process
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Protein Synthesis
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What reaction breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules?
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Hydrolysis
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What is hydrolysis?
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A reaction that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones by adding H2O.
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What reaction causes a catabolic response?
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Hydrolysis
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What reaction joins smaller molecules to become larger molecules?
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Dehydration
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What does a dehydration reaction do?
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Removes H2O molecules and joins smaller molecules to make larger ones.
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What reaction causes anabolism to occur?
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Dehydration Reaction
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Example : Anabolism in a plant cell
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Photosynthesis
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Example : Catabolism in a plant cell
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Cellular Respiration
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What differentiates organic from inorganic molecules?
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Organic contains Carbon & Hydrogen
Inorganic does not contain Carbon |
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Example: Organic Molecule
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C6H12O6 - Glucose
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Covalent Bond
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Share Electrons
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Ionic Bond
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Atoms attracted to opposite charges - ie. Na+Cl-
Between two Ions - Atoms that have either gained or lost e- |
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Example : Covalent Bond
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H2O
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Polar Bonds
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Atoms do not share electrons equally, creating charges that affect behavior with other molecules and ability to dissolve in water.
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Are Polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
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hydrophilic
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Are non-polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
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hydrophobic
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Is water H2O polar or non-polar & why?
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Polar because the Oxygen atom hogs the e- that's shared with the hydrogen atoms. The sharing is unequal. And this creates a partial + charge
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Give an example of an Ionic Bond
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NaCl - table salt
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Is oil polar or non-polar?
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Non-polar because it is hydrophobic.
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Monomers are...
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Individual units - building blocks
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Polymers are...
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Monomers connected together by dehydration synthesis
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Dehydration reactions are examples of Catabolism or Anabolism?
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Anabolism because it is building a polymer.
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Can you have anabolism without catabolism?
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No, they are mutually dependent upon one another.
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What is a polar bond?
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A type of covalent bond in which the e- are not evenly shared, as in Water where the O atom uses the e- more than the two H atoms do.
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What is a carbohydrate?
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Sugars (saccharides), Starches
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What is a saccharide?
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A carbohydrate / sugar
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What is the monomer of Carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharide
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What is the polymer of Carbohydrates?
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Polysaccharide
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What is the Function of carbohydrates?
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Energy source and storage
Structural (cellulose, chitin) Cell-cell recognition |
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What is cellulose made out of?
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Carbohydrate
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What is chitin made out of
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Carbohydrate
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What are some examples of carbohydrates?
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Glucose, sucrose, cellulose
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What is a disaccharide?
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2 monosaccharides - ie. maltose, sucrose (table sugar)
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is table sugar a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide?
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Disaccharide, it has 2 monosaccharides joined together.
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Give examples of monsosaccharides.
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Glucose
Fructose |
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Whenever we have a monomer we have the makings of what?
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Water, through dehydration synthesis.
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Examples of polysaccharides
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Starch - made of glucose
glycogen - stored in liver & broken apart for energy Cellulose - cell walls - fiber, we cannot break it down & digest it |
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C6 H12 O6 = ?
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Glucose monomer
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Lipids, fats, are...
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Large regions of just carbon & hydrogen
They are nonpolar & therefore hydrophobic |
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3 major groups of lipids
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Oils, fats, waxes - (C,H,O)
Phospholipids - hydrophilic portion Fused rings - steroids |
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Functions of Lipids
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Structural - major component in cell membrane
Hormonal - Chemical messengers Energy - #2 source |
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Examples of Lipids
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Cholesterol
Estrogen Testosterone Triglycerides (how we transport lipids in blood) |
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Lipid Monomer
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Fatty Acid
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Lipid Polymer
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Phospholipid
triglyceride (fat) |
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Fat Synthesis
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glycerol + 3 fatty acids <-------> Fat + 3 waters
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Name the polar and nonpolar portions of a phospholipid
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Polar head - hydrophilic
nonpolar body - hydrophobic |
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Example of a steroid
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Cholesterol
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Cholesterol
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-part of cell membrane
-helps maintain proper fluidity of cell membrane (not too hard or floppy from cold or heat) -makes up testosterone & estrogen -can clog or clean arteries |
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Proteins
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The basis of life
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Protein functions
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Enzymes
Transport in&out of cell & throughout body Hormones Structure (cartilidge-collegen) |
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Protein examples
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Hemoglobin - transports oxygen throughout the body
Insulin - Protein hormone regulates glucose levels in blood |
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Enzymes are
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DNA controlled Proteins that speed up chemical reactions about 1million times w/out increasing heat and pressure to intolerable amounts, as would occur without them.
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Protein Monomer
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Amino Acid
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Protein Polymer
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Polypeptide
= strings of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
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A Peptide Bond is
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a covalent bond that joins together amino acids to create a polypeptide.
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A polypeptide is
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A polymer of protein formed by linking amino acids together with peptide bonds
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Amino Acids are constructed from what parts
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Amino group (nitrogen group) (NH2)
carbon atom Acid Group (COOH) (Carboxyl) AND an R group that varies depending on the AA |
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Protein Synthesis
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Amino Acid + Amino Acid <----> Dipeptide + Water
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4 levels of protein structure
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Primary = polypeptide amino acids strung like beads on a string
Secondary = Spiral staircase/ corkscrew (alpha helix) or paper fan shape (beta) Tertiary = secondary structure folded Quaternary = 2 or more tertiary structures squished together |
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Nucleic Acid
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a family of molecules that have many roles critical to survival
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Functions of Nucleic Acids
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Instructions for making Proteins
Making Proteins Energy carriers Coenzymes |
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Examples of Nucleic Acid
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DNA
RNA ATP |
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Nucleic Acid Monomer
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Nucleotides
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Nucleotides are composed of...
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5-carbon (pentose) sugar
Phosphate Group (PO4) Base |
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Polymer of Nucleic Acid
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Polynucleotides
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DNA stands for
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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The function of DNA
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Provides instructions for making proteins
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RNA stands for...
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Ribonucleic Acid
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Function of RNA
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Manufactures proteins (single chain polynucleotide)
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ATP stands for
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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ATP is
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a nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups
it carries energy within the organism when it lets go of phone phosphate group energy is released creating ADP = adenosine diphosphate |
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What is a nutrient?
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a substance that provides energy or is necessary for metabolism
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Give an example of a nutrient
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Vitamins (help build coenzymes)
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What are Essential Nutrients?
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Nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body
varies with organims includes - amino acids - vitamins - minerals - lipids |
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What are non-essential nutrients?
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Nutrients that the body can make an adequate supply of by itself.
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What is a cell?
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Smallest unit of life
displays all characteristics of life |
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What are the two types of cells?
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Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes |
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What is a prokaryote cell?
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Simple cell - has organelles but they are not membrane bound, like a nucleus.
unicellular they cause & help prevent disease, help recycle nutrients on earth |
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What is a Eukaryote?
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True Nucleus - cells are complex and organized - has membrane-bound organelles.
compartmentalized cellular activities separate harmful reactions organisms may be unicellular or multicellular |
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Examples of Prokaryotes
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Bacteria such as E-Coli
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Major components of Eukaryote
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Cytosol
Plasma membrane Endomembrane System Other Organelles, nt part of endomembrane system |
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Cytosol is
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Just the Internal fluid of the cell
Gell-like Complex chemistry - metabolism Homeostasis - chemical balance Cytoplasm - refers to the entire contents of cell including cytosol and organelles |
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Plasma Membrane
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Phospholipid bi-layer
Studded with proteins & glycoproteins (proteins w/ carb) |
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Functions of the Plasma Membrane
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Boundary - animal
Protection Transport (in&out of cell) |
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Endomembrane System
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Series of organelles
connected physically ad by function - manufacturing & shipping products of the cell Begins with Nucleus ----> to get to the plasma membrane |
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Components of the Endomembrane System
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Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport Vesicles Golgi Apparatus Vacuoles |
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What is the route materials travel from Nucleus to Plasma membrane?
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Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Smooth ER Transport Vesicle Golgi Apparatus Secretory Vesicle Plasma Membrane |
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What are the parts of the Nucleus?
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Nuclear Envelope
Chromatin - DNA & Proteins; Chromosomes Nucleolus - synthesis of ribosomal RNA ( rRNA makes ribosomes) |
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What are Ribosomes?
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Assembly line for making protein
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Where are Ribosomes located within the cell?
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On the Rough ER
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What does the Smooth ER produce?
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Lipids
- lipid synthesis requires enzymes (which are proteins) |
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What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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Continuous interconnected array of membrane - continuous with Nuclear Envelope -
Includes Rough ER - Protein Synthesis, and Smooth ER - Lipid Synthesis & detoxification |
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What is a Transport Vesicle?
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a sac surrounded by membrane that buds off the rough or smooth ER to ship the proteins to the next step in the process = Golgi Apparatus - tag & ship
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What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
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Modification and secretion of cell products - tagging proteins and lipids & shipping them
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What are Vacuoles?
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Membrane-bound sacs
Contain all things that can be used by the cell Storage examples: Food vacuole - digestion Contractile vacuole - water regulation Central Vacule - large water containing valuole inside plant cell |
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What is a glycoprotein and where are they located?
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Protein & Carbohydrate together - found in the plasma membrane of the cell - it regulates what goes in and out of the cell
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What is the endomembrane?
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A series of organelles that are interconnected physically and by function in order to manufacture & ship products from the cell. It begins with the nucleus, rough er, smooth er, transport vesicle, gogli apparatus, secretory vesicle, and ends at the Plasma membrane. Also includes vacuoles.
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Where are Lysosomes manufactured?
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Golgi Apparatus
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What doe Lysosomes do?
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get rid of waste
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What two things does the golgi apparatus make?
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Lysosomes & Vacuoles
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What organelles are NOT part of the endomembrane system?
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Mitochondria
Chlorophlasts Cytoskeleton Centrioles Cilia & Flagella Cell Walls |
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What organelle is only in animal cells, NOT in plant cells?
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Centriole
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What does a centriole do?
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A pair of cylinders that help build a centrosome
directs chromosomes during cell division Moves chromosomes |
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What is the role of the mitochondria?
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Responsible for cellular respiration & ATP synthesis
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What is special about mitochondria?
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They have their own DNA, which comes from the mother.
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What is the cytoskeleton made of?
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protein fiber
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What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
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Structure & movement of the cell (holds it in one place)
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What is the function of Cilia?
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many short hairs that propel cells
Create current move particles in or out of an area |
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What are the functions of Flagella?
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few, larger strands that Propel cells
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What kind of cell has a cell wall, Plant and/or Animal?
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Plant Cells have cell walls
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What is the purpose/function of the cell wall?
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Prevent cell rupture from water intake
Support |
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What is a cell wall made of?
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Cellulose - (carbohydrate)
or chitin - (carbohydrate) |
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What organelle's do only plant cells have?
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Chloroplasts
Cell Wall Central Vacuole |
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How do the characteristics of life apply to a single cell?
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-Organized structure - All organelles
-Acquire & use materials & energy from environment - mitochondria & chloroplasts -Homeostasis - Maintain their complex structure and internal environment - plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, cytosol, cell wall, central Vacuole -Growth & Development - All - Respond to stimuli from their environment - Cilia -Reproduce - centrioles -Capacity to evolve - mitochondria & Chloroplasts |
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Where do Viruses fall in the hierarchy of life and why?
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They are molecules and are no alive because they do not have the characteristics of life. They don't build cells or components of cells.
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What are viruses made of?
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Protein
Nucleic Acid Lipid (some) |
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What is a lysosome for and where is it created?
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For intracellular digestion
Created in the Golgi Apparatus |
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What is the function of a chloroplast?
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Photosynthesis
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What is the function of the Nucleolus?
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Synthesis of RNA
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protein function
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transport substances in and out of the cell
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Chromatin function
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DNA + Protein. Contains genetic information.
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Nuclear Envelope Function
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Protective barrier around nucleus. Regulates entry of proteins into the nucleus.
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Nucleolus
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Makes ribosomes
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Rough ER
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makes proteins
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Smooth ER
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makes lipids & hormones
detoxification |
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Mitochondrion
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cellular respiration
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Polyribosome
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Protein Synthesis
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Golgi Apparatus
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Collects, sorts, packages & distributes proteins and lipids
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secretory vesicle
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Releases substances via the plasma membrane
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Cytosol (cytoplasm)
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Site of many metobolic reactions. Homeostasis.
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Centrioles (centrosome)
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organize microtubules for cell division
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Plasma Membrane
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Protective barrier - regulates what enters & exits the cell.
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Cytoskeleton
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Support and movement of the cell
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Phospholipid
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Major component of membranes
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Central Vacuole
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Only in plants
Regulates water in the cell. Support |
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Cell Wall of Adjacent Cell
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Protection and Support
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Cell Wall
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Protection and Support
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Chloroplast
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Photosynthesis
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